Bio116 Lab Exam 2 Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering plant anatomy, animal phyla, vertebrate structures, behavior, and population ecology for the Bio116 Lab Exam 2.

Perfect flower

A flower that contains both male (stamen) and female (pistil) reproductive structures.

Imperfect flower

A flower that is missing either the stamen or the pistil.

Complete flower

A flower that has all four major parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils.

Incomplete flower

A flower that lacks one or more of the four major parts (sepals, petals, stamens, or pistils).

Germination

The process by which a plant grows from a seed.

Seed coat

The protective outer covering of a seed.

Hilum

A scar on a seed coat marking the point of attachment to the ovary wall.

Cotyledons

The embryonic leaves of a seed, often functioning in nutrient storage or absorption.

Radicle

The part of the plant embryo that develops into the primary root.

Endosperm

A nutrient-rich tissue that provides nourishment to the developing plant embryo.

Meristem

Plant tissue consisting of actively dividing cells that allow for growth.

Apical meristem

The region of cell division located at the tips of stems and roots that provides primary growth.

Root cap

A structure that covers and protects the apical meristem of a root.

Auxin

A plant hormone that plays a major role in growth and various plant responses such as tropisms.

Gravitropism

A plant's growth response to the stimulus of gravity.

Phototropism

A plant's growth response toward or away from light.

Positive tropism

Growth toward a stimulus.

Negative tropism

Growth away from a stimulus.

Choanocyte

Specialized flagellated cells in sponges that function in water circulation and food capture.

Osculum

The large opening at the top of a sponge through which water is expelled.

Spongocoel

The central cavity of a sponge.

Cnidocytes

Specialized stinging cells found in Hydra (Phylum Cnidaria) used for defense and prey capture.

Umbo

The oldest part of a clam's shell, located near the hinge.

Mantle

A specialized tissue in mollusks that secretes the shell and covers the visceral mass.

Clitellum

A thickened glandular section of the body wall in earthworms involved in reproduction.

Cuticle

A tough, non-living outer layer found in nematodes like Ascaris.

Pseudocoelom

A body cavity that is not completely lined by mesoderm, characteristic of Phylum Nematoda.

Carapace

The hard upper shell of the exoskeleton that covers the head and thorax of a crayfish.

Green glands

Excretory organs in crayfish that filter waste from the blood.

Water-vascular system

A network of hydraulic canals in Echinoderms used for locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.

Madreporite

The sieve-like opening on the aboral surface of a sea star that admits water into the water-vascular system.

Tube feet

Small, flexible appendages in sea stars used for movement and grasping prey.

Notochord

A flexible, rod-like structure that provides support in Chordates like the lancelet.

Diaphragm

The muscular sheet of tissue that separates the thorax from the abdomen in mammals.

Mammary papillae

The nipples located on the ventral surface of the fetal pig.

Urogenital opening

The external opening for both the urinary and reproductive systems.

Mesentery

The connective tissue membrane that suspends and supports the abdominal organs.

Ethology

The scientific study of animal behavior.

Innate behaviors

Behaviors that are developmentally fixed and not learned through experience.

Taxis

A directed movement toward or away from a specific stimulus.

Kinesis

A non-directional change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus.

Agonistic behavior

Social behavior related to fighting, such as threats, aggression, or submission.

Broadside display

An agonistic behavior where an animal turns its side toward an opponent to appear larger.

Fixed action pattern

A sequence of innate behaviors that is essentially unchangeable and carried to completion once initiated.

Community

A group of different species living and interacting in the same area.

Species richness

The total number of different species present in a community.

Importance value

An ecological measure used to determine the rank of a species within a plant community.

$$DBH$$

Diameter at Breast Height; a standard measure of tree trunk diameter.

Basal area

The cross-sectional area of a tree trunk at breast height.

Evenness

A measure of the relative abundance of the different species making up the richness of an area.

Species diversity

A measurement that accounts for both the total number of species (richness) and their relative abundance (evenness).