Pathology skeletal system

Spina Bifida

posterior defect of the spinal canal, resulting from failure of the posterior elements to fuse properly

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

inherited generalized disorder of connective tissue, in adequate bone collagen (Brittle bones)

Achondroplasia

dwarfism resulting from diminished prolifeferation of cartilage in the growth plate

Osteoarthritis

characterized by loss of joint cartilage and reactive new bone formation, part of the wear and tear of aging process

Bursitis

inflammation of the bursae, small-fluid-filled sacs near the joints with a thin layer of synovial fluid that functions as the gliding surface to reduce the friction caused by movement

Osteoporosis

localized deficiency of bone matrix in which the mass of bone per unit volume is decreased in amount but normal in composition

Gout

disorder in the metabolism of purine (nucleic acids)

Osteochondromas

benign protection from the surface of the bone that presents the most common benign bone lesion

Osteogenic Sarcoma

occurs at the end of long bones at the metaphysis, neoplasm consists of osteoblasts the produce osteoids

Avulsion

generally small fragments torn from Bony prominences

Clay Shoveler

avulsion fracture of the spinous process in the lower cervical or upper thoracic spine

Greenstick

complete fracture with the opposite cortex intact

Hangman’s fx

fracture of the arch of C2

Jefferson fx

commuted fracture of the ring of the Atlas involving anterior and posterior arches, displacement of fragments

Osteomyelitis

Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow caused by a broad spectrum of infectious organisms

Rickets

Deficiency of vitamin D, causing defective calcification of growing skeletal elements in infants

Seatbelt fx

transverse fracture of the lumbar vertebrae, often associated with significant visceral injuries

Spiral fx

encircles the shaft, generally longer than oblique fracture caused by torsional forces

Arthritis

Inflammation of a joint, usually accompanied by pain, swelling, and stiffness, and resulting from infection, trauma, degenerative changes, metabolic disturbances, or other causes.

Rotator Cuff Tear

a tear of one or more of the tendons the four rotator cuff muscles. A rotator cuff injury can include any type of irritation or damage to the rotator cuff muscles or tendons

Ischemic Necrosis of Bone

Is caused by loss of the blood supply, which in turn can result from such varied condition as thrombosis, vasculitis, disease of surrounding bone, and single or repeated episodes of trauma.

Simple Bone Cyst

Is a true fluid-filled cyst with a wall of fibrous tissue that most often occurs in the proximal humerus or femur at the metaphysis.

Multiple Myeloma

Is a widespread malignancy of plasma cells that may be associated with bone destruction, bone marrow failure, hypercalcemia, renal failure, and recurrent infections.

Bone Metastases

Are the most common malignant bone tumors, spreading by means of the bloodstream or lymphatic vessels or by direct extension.

Degenerative Disc Disease

Protrusion, herniation, or fragmentation of an intervertebral disc beyond its borders with potential compression of a nerve root, the cauda equina in the lumbar region, or the spinal cord at higher levels.

Lumbar Disc herniation

Lumbar intervertebral disc is the major cause of severe acute, chronic, or reoccurring low back and leg pain.

Spondylolysis

Refers to a cleft in the pars interarticularis that is situated between the superior and inferior articular processes of a vertebrae.

Segmental Fracture

Consists of a segment of the shaft isolated by proximal and distal lines of fracture.

Torus Fracture

Also known as buckle is one in which one cortex is intact with buckling or compaction of the opposite cortex.

Pagets Disease

Destruction of bone, followed by a reparative process, results in weakened, deformed, and thickened bony structures that ten to fracture easily.

Osteomalcia

Insufficient mineralization of adult skeleton.

Congenital Hip Dysplasia

Results from incomplete acetabulum formations caused by physiologic and mechanical factors

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Chronic systemic disease of unknown cause that appears primarily as a noninfectious inflammatory arthritis of the small joints of the hands and feet

What are the functions of bones

Support

protection

Movement

production of BC

Store calcium salts

How many bones are in the body

206

What are the 4 shapes of bone

long

short

irregular

flat

What is an example of a flat bone

sternum

What is an example of a short bone

tarsals

What is an example of a irregular bone

patella

What are the bone cells

osteoclast

osteoblast

What are osteoblast

produce new bone

What are osteoclast

enlarge the diameter

What are the types of bone compound

compact

cancellous

What is the compact part of bone

outer layer

What is the cancellous part of bone

spongy, inner layer

What complication is associated with spina bifida

Myelomengocele

What is another name for osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint disease

What is another name for osteochondroma

Osteitis deformans

What is the most common malignancy of the skeletal system

Bone metastasis

What are the 5 types of fractures

stress fx

common or dislocation

battered-child syndrome

fracture healing

Pathologic fx

How are the fx of the spine classified

Stable or unstable

What does it mean when the spine fx is unstable

both major columns are disrupted

A transverse fx of the base of the metatarsal is termed

jones fx

What is defined as an ulnar shaft fx w/associated dislocation of the radius

monteggia

What fx type results in more than two bone fragments

comminuted

What is present if the posterior elements of one or more vertebrae fail to unite

spina bifida

The most common metabolic skeletal disease is

Paget disease

In which type of fracture is the skin broke

compound

What fx occurs from falling on outstretched hand

Colles