Lesson 1. Evaluation of Drugs

Pharmacognosy

applied science that deals with biochemical, biological, and economic features of biological products and its origin

primary and secondary metabolite

The biochemical part of pharmacognosy deals with:

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, Nucleic Acids

examples of primary metabolites

alkaloids, glycosides, etc.

examples of secondary metabolites

crude form

Pharmacognosy deals with medicinal plants in their ________.

Crude Drugs

drugs that are of animals and vegetables origin that have undergone only collection and drying

Collection

Selection of species to cultivate

Drying

removes moisture and water content

Evaluation

identification and determination of quality and purity

Quality

intrinsic value of drug

Purity

no foreign matter

Organoleptic

Methods of Evaluation:

• Macroscopic

• Use of senses

Microscopic

Methods of Evaluation:

• identification of pure and powdered drug

Starch Analysis

Methods of Evaluation:

• Example of microscopic evaluation

Biological

Methods of Evaluation:

• use of living organisms to determine pharmacologic activity

In vitro

Methods of Evaluation:

• biological method that uses a cell-based assay within a glass

In vivo

Methods of Evaluation

• biological method that uses animals

Chemical

Methods of Evaluation

• best method of determining official potency

titrations

Methods of Evaluation

• examples of chemical evaluation

Physical

Methods of Evaluation

• application of physical constants to achieve principles of drug

Melting Point, Solubility, Specific Gravity, and Refractive Index

Methods of Evaluation

• examples of physical constants usually used in physical evaluation

Pigeon

Biological animal used in the biological assay of Digitalis/Digoxin

Cat

Biological animal used in the biological assay of Glucagon and Atropine

Sheep

Biological animal used in the biological assay of Heparin

Chicken

Biological animal used in the biological assay of Oxytocin

Dog

Biological animal used in the biological assay of Parathyroid Hormone

Rabbit

Biological animal used in the biological assay of Insulin

Rat

Biological animal used in the biological assay of Vasopressin (Antidiuretic)

Rachitic Rate

Biological animal used in the biological assay of Cod liver oil

impression of the organs

Organoleptic/Macroscopic Evaluation literally means:

Shape and Size, External Color and Internal Marking, Fracture and Internal Colors, and Odor and Taste

Organoleptic Evaluation includes:

Entire

Organoleptic Evaluation Occurrences Includes:

1. ______________ plant

2. In _______________ slices

3. In _______________________ slices

4. Cut in ___________________ pieces

5. Broken into ___________

1 = ?

longitudinal

Organoleptic Evaluation Occurrences Includes:

1. ______________ plant

2. In _______________ slices

3. In _______________________ slices

4. Cut in ___________________ pieces

5. Broken into ___________

2 = ?

oblique or transverse

Organoleptic Evaluation Occurrences Includes:

1. ______________ plant

2. In _______________ slices

3. In _______________________ slices

4. Cut in ___________________ pieces

5. Broken into ___________

3 = ?

small cubical

Organoleptic Evaluation Occurrences Includes:

1. ______________ plant

2. In _______________ slices

3. In _______________________ slices

4. Cut in ___________________ pieces

5. Broken into ___________

4 = ?

pieces

Organoleptic Evaluation Occurrences Includes:

1. ______________ plant

2. In _______________ slices

3. In _______________________ slices

4. Cut in ___________________ pieces

5. Broken into ___________

5 = ?

Rhizomes

Terms used for describing drugs from underground parts:

• Ginger

Roots

Terms used for describing drugs from underground parts

• Kamote

Bulbs

Terms used for describing drugs from underground parts

• Onions

Corms

Terms used for describing drugs from underground parts

• Taro/Gabi

Tubers

Terms used for describing drugs from underground parts

• Potato

Zingiber officinale

Scientific Name of Ginger

Ipomoea batatas

Scientific Name of Kamote

Allium cepa

Scientific Name of Onions

Colocasia esculenta

Scientific Name of Taro/Gabi

Solanum tuberosum

Scientific Name of Potato

Cylindrical

Terms used to describe a plant according to shape:

• Globular

• ex: Grapes and Sarsaparilla (rootbeer flavorant)

Subcylindrical

Terms used to describe a plant according to shape:

• nearly spherical

• ex: Lemon, Podophyllum

Conical

Terms used to describe a plant according to shape:

• wide in the middle, and narrow at the end

• ex: Aconite, Monkshood

Fusiform

Terms used to describe a plant according to shape:

• spindle-shaped

• enlarged in the middle, tapering towards the end

• ex: Kamote

Ovoid

Terms used to describe a plant according to shape:

• egg-shaped

• ex: Papaya

Pyriform

Terms used to describe a plant according to shape:

• Pear-shaped

• ex: Avocado, Jalap

Terete

Terms used to describe a plant according to shape:

• tapering gradually but nearly cylindrical

• ex: Stillingia

Disc-shaped

Terms used to describe a plant according to shape:

• Calumba

Vitis vinifera

Scientific Name of Grapes

Smilax ornata

Scientific Name of Sarsaparilla

Citrus limon

Scientific Name of Lemon

Podophyllum peltatum

Scientific Name of Podophyllum

Aconitum napellus

Scientific Name of Aconite/Monkshood

Carica papaya

Scientific Name of Papaya

Persea americana

Scientific Name of Avocado

Ipomoea purga

Scientific Name of Jalap

Stillingia sylvatica L.

Scientific Name of Stillingia

Jateorhiza palmata

Scientific Name of Calumba

Length or diameter

According to size

a. ____________________________, in mm or cm

b. If conical, ____________________________________

a = ?

diameter of both wide and narrow parts

According to size

a. ____________________________, in mm or cm

b. If conical, ____________________________________

b = ?

White, Yellowish brown, Yellowish gray, Reddish orange, Brownish black, and gray

According to external color

there is an absence of periderm

If the external color is white such as in orchids, it means that _______________________

clay dust

If the external color is gray, it means that it was from _____________________

Furrows

According to external markings:

• Alternating ridges and valleys which are more or less parallel, well-defined and usually due to shrinkage of the internal parts caused by drying

Wrinkles

According to external markings (Subtypes of Furrows):

• fine or delicate furrows

Annulations

According to external markings (Subtypes of Furrows):

• transverse ring-like markings

• common in coconut tree, nganga

Fissures

According to external markings (Subtypes of Furrows):

• splits extending into the tissues

Nodules

According to external markings:

• kulani

• rounded outgrowths on the surface

Projections

According to external markings:

• Such as roots, stem-bases and buds

Scars

According to external markings:

• Such as leaf scars, stem-base scar, root scar, bud scar, bud-scale scar

• product of pathological damage

Fractures

way plant breaks when subjected to sufficient pressure

Complete

Terms in describing fractures:

• Breaking clean across 2 parts

Incomplete

Terms in describing fractures:

• breaking only part way across

Short

Terms in describing fractures:

• clean smooth break with a quick snap

• ex: walis tingting

Fibrous

Terms in describing fractures:

• slow giving break with resistance and with projection of fibers from broken surfaces

• usually uses scissors to cut the fibers

Splintery

Terms in describing fractures:

• breaking irregularly across into pieces with larger and smaller projecting edges and splinters

• common in fallen trees

Brittle

Terms in describing fractures:

• easily broken usually into many pieces when dropped into a hard surface

Tough

Terms in describing fractures:

• breaking with difficulty

Weak

Terms in describing fractures:

• breaking with little effort

Short

Barks:

• smooth

• ex: cassia, cinnamon

Granular

Bark

• shows grain-like minute prominences

• ex: wild cherry

Splintery

Bark

• shows uneven projecting points

• ex: Quillaia

Fibrous

Bark

• shows thread-like fibers

• ex: Cascara

Laminated

Bark

• shows tangentially elongated layers

• ex: Quillaia

Uneven

Terms in describing fractured surface:

• irregular broken surface

Granular

Terms in describing fractured surface:

• grain-like (sandy) appearance

Hard

Terms in describing fractured surface:

• compact surface

• ex: wood

Horny

Terms in describing fractured surface:

• horn-like surfaces

Mealy

Terms in describing fractured surface:

• powdering due to abundance of starch

• ex: potato

Resinous

Terms in describing fractured surface:

• smooth glossy surface

• ex: aloe vera

Conchoidal

Terms in describing fractured surface:

• resinous surface with curved convex and concave fashion

Waxy

Terms in describing fractured surface:

• dull wax-like surface

Bark

woody exogenous stem or root that lies outside of the cambium ring