Content Exam (Continuity & Change in U.S. and Illinois History)

Migration and settlement patterns of people moving to and within the United States and Illinois from prehistory to the present

-Push factors occur where someone is currently living and make continuing to live there less attractive.

-Pull factors occur in a potential destination and make it an attractive place to migrate to.

-First North Americans believed to have migrated from Siberia by crossing a land bridge over the Bering Strait (c. 13,000 BCE)

-Spread North and South from there

-Developed societies around their natural environments (Northeast, southeast, great plains, great basin, northwest coast)

1500s --> EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT BEGINS

-British came to occupy the 13 colonies

-French occupied much of the great plains and up into Canada

-Spanish occupied southwest and into Mexico

-Immigration patterns

-1620s --> Pilgrims flee religious persecution and establish a colony in Plymouth (soon followed by the Puritans)

-White indentured servants and black slaves

-Mass Irish immigration in the 19th century (because of famine), German immigrants as well

-Mid-1800s --> mass Chinese immigration (gold rush)

-Immigrant boom around the turn of the century (mostly from Europe)

ILLINOIS:

10,000-8,000 BCE --> Paleo Indians roam the region, briefly occupying small camps in coniferous forests

500 BC-900 AD --> Woodland culture Indians develop maize agriculture, build villages and burial grounds, invent the bow and arrow for hunting, and begin making pottery

1673 --> French explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet descend the Mississippi to the Arkansas River and return to Wisconsin via the Illinois River (first Europeans to reach Illinois country)

-Several French forts and colonies come up

-1818 --> Illinois becomes 21st state

-SEE BOOKMARKED TIMELINE FOR MORE

Interaction and contributions of various peoples in North America

Political ideas that influenced the development of the U.S. constitutional government

-House of Burgesses --> first elected assembly in colonial America (Virginia General Assembly, 1619)

-Albany Plan --> called for a "Plan of Union", in which colonial legislatures would choose delegates to form an assembly under the leadership of chief GB executive

-7 Years War left Gb in debt (spurred on more taxes)

-Stamp Act Congress (1765, issued a Declaration of Rights and Grievances, affirmed loyalty to the Crown, repealed in 1766)

-Intolerable Acts (1774)

-Second Continental Congress --> remained the government of the U.S. until 1781, perpetually in crisis (trying to fight a war in the face of many defeats, inadequate supplies, troops, and money), slave vs. non-slave holding states, large vs. small colonies, urban vs. rural colonists

-Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union (adopted by second continental congress in 1777, formally ratified in 1781, created a union of sovereign states that depended on cooperation, successfully guided the country through war, proved difficult after)

-Treaty of Paris --> 1783, secured independence of the USA

-Confederation Congress --> had only one chamber, states selected representatives to legislature, each state only received one vote, intentionally made to be weak

-Constitutional Convention --> 1787, 55 delegates from 12/13 states sent to Philly to fix the Articles of Confederation

-Virginia and NJ Plans (see notes)

-Great Compromise --> bicameral, states would be represented in the HoR according to their populations

-3 branch government

Evolution of the two party system

FIRST PARTY SYSTEM: 1790-1828

-1796: George Washington Farewell Address

-Congressional factions organize around Adams & Hamilton (Federalists) and Jefferson & Madison (Democratic Republicans)

-1800: first transaction from one party to another as Jefferson replaces Adams as president

-1817-1825 --> Monroe and the "Era of Good Feelings" (Federalists dissolve by 1820)

SECOND PARTY SYSTEM: 1828-1856

-Democratic Party rises as a populist party with Andrew Jackson and increased suffrage (voting rights) for white men without property; dominate Congress for 30 years

-By 1834, Whig Party emerges as opposition to Jackson (Henry Clay as leader); promote strong Congresses, economic protectionism, strong banking interests, Protestant opposition to Jackson's removal of Indian tribes

THIRD PARTY SYSTEM: 1856-1892

-By 1854, slavery divides Whig Party and antislavery "Free Soil" Democrats join those that are left to form the Republican Party

-1860: Lincoln elected as first Republican president

-After Civil War, party identification becomes regional: Northeast Republicans, Southern Democrats, Midwest divided

FOURTH PARTY SYSTEM: 1892-1932

-Era of weak presidents and strong Congresses

-Reconstruction, role of federal government to secure civil rights, manage industrialization, regulate immigration divides parties

FIFTH PARTY SYSTEM: 1932-1968

-Great Depression ushers in era of Democratic dominance; parties divided by role of federal government in social welfare

-FDR coalition of labor, Catholics, Southern voters

SIXTH PARTY SYSTEM: 1968-present

-Parties continue to be divided by role of government, but social issues emerge as divisive

-Geography reshaped: GOP in South and West, Democrats on coasts and in cities

-Republicans' losses due to Watergate Scandal (1974) hatted by Reagan Revolution (1980s)

-Parties become more ideological (polarization)

Development of government and political institutions in Illinois

1717 --> Illinois becomes part of the French colony of Louisiana

1720 --> Fort de Chartres in Randolph County becomes the seat of military and civilian government in Illinois

1763 --> Seven Years' War ends; Illinois country is ceded to Britain by the Treaty of Paris

1800 --> Congress creates the Indiana Territory, which includes Illinois

1803 --> U.S. Army establishes Fort Dearborn in Chicago

1809 --> Congress organizes Illinois Territory

1818 --> Illinois becomes the 21st state

1824 --> Voters defeat a constitutional convention call to permit slavery in the state

1839 --> Springfield becomes the state capital.

1853 --> General Assembly enacts legislation to prevent free blacks from settling in the state.

1865 --> General Assembly repeals measures against black settlement (Black Laws); is the first state legislature to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery.

SEE BOOKMARKED TIMELINE FOR MORE

Evolution of US Foreign Policy

-First 50 years --> diplomats guided by the idea that the U.S. should observe political isolation from European powers during peacetime and maintain strict neutrality during periods of war

-Experiences a period of tranquility after the defeat of Napoleon in 1812 (liberal form of nationalism, stressed vague good will toward other nations rather than the pursuit of an active foreign policy)

-Formation of bureau system in 1830s (clerks for managing overseas correspondence)

-"Amateur diplomacy" during the bulk of the nineteenth century

RESEARCH THIS MORE

Relationships between foreign policy and domestic affairs

Domestic policy are administrative decisions that are directly related to all issues and activity within a nation's borders. It differs from foreign policy, which refers to the ways a government advances its interests in world politics.

Emergence of the United States as a world power

-Industrial Revolution, Mexican American War

-Great White Fleet, Teddy Roosevelt

-Emerging from an isolationist stance

Role of the United States in world affairs (e.g. wars, trade, human rights, alliances, peacekeeping) in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries

-Provoked to join major wars (ex. Spanish American War, WWI, WWII)

-Formation of the UN (created at the end of World War II as an international peacekeeping organization and a forum for resolving conflicts between nations)

-UN Charter --> emphasis on peace, security, international law, economic development, and human rights

-FDR and Churchill draft the Atlantic Charter (1941, declared that there would be no territorial aggrandizement as a result of the war, that postwar international relations would be cooperative, and that disputes between states would be resolved through peaceful negotiation and not the use of threat or force)

Causes and effects of abolition

-Social and political push for the immediate emancipation of all slaves and the end of racial discrimination and segregation

-Advocating for emancipation separated abolitionists from more moderate anti-slavery advocates, who argued for gradual emancipation, and from "Free-Soil" activists who sought to restrict slavery to existing areas and prevent its spread

-Radical abolitionism was partly fueled by the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening, which prompted many people to advocate for emancipation on religious grounds. The abolitionist movement became increasingly prominent in Northern churches and politics beginning in the 1830s, which contributed to the regional animosity between North and South leading up to the Civil War

-Did not coalesce into a militant crusade until the 1830s.

-Dred Scott Decision, Kansas Nebraska Act

-Most abolitionists reluctantly supported the Republican party, stood by the Union in the secession crisis, and became militant champions of military emancipation during the Civil War

-13th Amendment --> abolished slavery

-15th Amendment --> extended male suffrage to African Americans

Causes and effects of woman's suffrage

-Seneca Falls Convention (1848) --> considered to be the launchpad for the movement

-Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, etc.

-Club movement, settlement house movement

-National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

-National Woman's Party (NWP)

-19th Amendment --> enfranchised women

Causes and effects of immigration

-Push and pull factors

-Religious persecution, overcrowding, the promise of the American Dream

-Economic & political reasons

-War

-Impacts the U.S. economy (highly debated topic as to whether it is a positive or negative change)

Cause and effects of the labor movement

-Industrialization, unchecked treatment during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era

-Child Labor Laws

Causes and effects of the Civil Rights movement

-Jim Crow laws marked evolving racism and segregation after slavery was abolished

-Rosa Parks, MLK, Montgomery Bus Boycott

-Civil Rights Act of 1964 --> forbade discrimination based on a person's race, color, national origin, religious beliefs, or sex

Causes and effects of Native American Rights movement

-Largely inspired by the African American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s

-Seize Alcatraz Island in 1969

-Throughout the 1960s, American Indians were the nation's poorest minority group, more deprived than any other group, according to virtually every socioeconomic measure. In 1970, the Indian unemployment rate was 10 times the national average, and 40 percent of the Native American population lived below the poverty line

-American Indian Movement (AIM) --> most famous protest organization

Examples of continuity and change in U.S. society, culture, arts, literature, education, religion, and values

Development of the U.S. and Illinois economies (agricultural, industrial, and service sectors)

Relationship between geography and economic developments in the United States and Illinois

-Specialization in production

Role of economic and technological change in the transformation of U.S. society

-Industrial Revolution

Impact of capitalism and urbanization on U.S. society

Changing role of the U.S. economy within the global economy