Public Speaking Exam Practice

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Last updated 10:21 PM on 12/3/24
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125 Terms

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Adaptation

Adjusting a topic, arguments, and presentation to fit a particular audience.

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Argument

An assertion (a claim) supported by evidence, expert opinion, data, or a logical chain.

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Choices

In public speaking, the choices are about topic, information, organization, visual aids, and type of delivery.

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Delivery

The act of making a speech to an audience.

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Democracy

A system of government where people govern themselves through direct votes (direct democracy) or elected officials (representative democracy).

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Frame

The context of relevance to the audience for the information or arguments of a speech.

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Informative Speech

A speech that provides facts and data about a topic to help the audience understand it.

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Persuasive Speech

A speech aimed at changing the audience’s opinion about a topic or encouraging a specific action.

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Pluralism

The coexistence of numerous ethnic, cultural, political, or religious groups in one nation.

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Public

A group of people who share a common set of concerns.

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Rhetoric

The study of how language, argument, and narrative can persuade an audience.

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Special Occasion Speech

A speech made on the occasion of a life transition or at a professional event.

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Stakeholder

People who have something to lose or gain from a decision or policy.

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Unity

Harmony among related parts.

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Articulation

The clarity with which words are pronounced.

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Impromptu speaking

A speech delivered without preparation.

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Manuscript speech

A speech that is written out and read to the audience.

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Thesis Statement

A clear statement of your subject and/or argument.

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Bibliography

A record of all the research sources for a speech.

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Body

The core of a speech, where arguments and evidence are presented.

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Inflection

Verbal emphasis on certain words to reinforce meaning.

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Progression

Grammatical repetition that creates a sense of movement.

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Audience Analysis

Surveying your audience’s beliefs, values, experiences, and motivations.

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Ethos

An appeal based on the speaker’s trustworthiness and expertise.

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Logos

An appeal based on reasoning.

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Critical feedback

A substantiated opinion about what worked and what didn’t work in a speech.

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Passive Listening

Listening that does not actively engage the ideas and arguments presented.

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After-dinner speech

A humorous talk given after a meal with a serious point.

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Eulogy

A speech given to remember and honor someone who has died.

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Plagiarism

The use of another person's language, ideas, or arguments without proper credit.

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Claim

A statement to be proven or agreed to.

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Grounds

Evidence or reasoning used to support an argument.

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Peer Review

The evaluation of a scholarly work by others in the same field.

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Distractions

Obstacles preventing full attention to a speech.

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Why is public speaking necessary?

Powerful; motivating; connection; impacts the audience

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What is the communication process?

Message (idea), sender (speaker) , receiver (audience)

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What is the public and communication?

Group of people with similar concerns; the audience; the communication delivers information effectively and respects the public (choices)

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What is the speaking process?

Think (about the topic), create (the speech), deliver (present/perform)

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What is needed for preparing a speech? (ArROW TAG)

Argument, research, organization, words, topic, audience, goals

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How to create focus from anxiety?

Visualize success and what can go right; manage expectations; practice and prepare for the speech

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What are the different types of preparation and delivery?

From memory, extemporaneous (with notes), mile markers/big ideas, impromptu

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How to best use voice and body effectively?

  • Mouth: project, be understandable, articulate, tone, inflection

  • Body: good posture, face the audience

  • Legs: face the audience, move properly

  • Hands: gesticulate as appropriate

  • Eyes: scan the audience, maintain positive contact with the members

  • Dress well and be intentional with movements

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How to best answer audience questions? (steps)

  • Review the topic and avoid hard-to-answer questions

  • Understand what is being asked

  • Understand the topic

  • Take time to understand what is being asked

  • Be positive, draw into topic, know everyone hears the questions

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Steps/best way to pace speech?

  • Rehearse and run through the speech

  • Practice numerous times

  • Practice with notes, visual aids, etc

  • Consistency in style and organization

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What are the characteristics of an effective style?

  • Understandable

  • Compelling

  • It gets the point across

  • Lively, descriptive

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What are the different figures of speech?

Highlight content and a noticeable change in a sentence

  • Repetition (enunciation, alliteration, rhyme, words, phrases, sounds)

  • Grammatical (repeat different phrases, etc.)

  • Progression and buildup to a part of a speech

  • Contrast (antithesis/contrasting words with opposite meanings; plain double antithesis, reverse antithesis/reverse order of keywords)

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What are the definitions and five tropes?

A trope is a figure of speech that highlights a word or concept

  • Metaphor

  • Simile

  • Metonymy (substitution, draw connections)

  • Hyperbole/Liotes (understatement)

  • Personification

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What is a specific purpose?

A statement or phrase that sums up what the speech is about

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What is pitch?

Volume/strength of voice

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Best way of focusing a topic for the audience?

  • Don’t be too broad or long

  • Provide a good amount of information

  • Tailor to the audience’s goals or needs

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What are the general types of speaking situations?

  • Inform

  • Persuade

  • Engage

  • Public

  • Classroom

  • Business

  • Invite

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How is research essential?

  • Adds confidence and credibility (ethos) to the speaker

  • Quality and validation also helps

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How should one do research responsibly?

  • Provide the audience with correct, well-supported, and verified evidence

  • Do not provide misinformation

  • Consider the impact of the evidence on the audience

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What are the steps of the research process? (pretty reads don’t make readers upset in a course)

  1. Pre-existing knowledge

  2. Research strategy

  3. Databases and resources

  4. Materials & Source information

  5. Evaluate (read, take notes)

  6. Update claims (with info)

  7. Integrate into speech

  8. Citations (avoid plagiarism)

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How to conduct online research?

  • Search terms (find topic ideas)

  • Focus search (websites, databases)

  • Gather materials (organize and add citations)

  • Read and take notes

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What are the three questions to determine source quality? PTH

  1. Purpose to goal

  2. Type of evidence

  3. How good the evidence is (strength, relation to topic)

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Why and how should someone cite a source in a bibliography and aloud in a speech?

  • In a speech: say where the evidence is from when stating it

    • Provide background if needed

  • In a bibliography, include annotations/the source in the specified format

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What are the tasks of the introduction?

  • Capture the attention of the audience

  • Give a reason for the audience to listen

  • Establish ethos/common ground

  • Provide the thesis

  • Context

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What is a preview?

A preview provides a roadmap of the speech - what the speech will review, outline, organization

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What are the main parts of a speech and their roles?

  1. Introduction: Ethos, goals, context, thesis

  2. Body: Subject content, connect to thesis, evidence and arguments

  3. Conclusion: ties the speech together and provides a memorable, satisfying ending

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What is the definition of the chronological pattern of organization?

Time-related sequence

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What is the definition of the spatial pattern of organization?

Points in location to space (visual, physical object)

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What is the definition of the cause-and-effect pattern of organization?

Why something happened; the origins and causes of one thing to another

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What is the definition of the problem-solution pattern of organization?

Examines symptoms and provides a solution/what the audience can do

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What is the definition of the topical pattern of organization?

The points have a relationship to the topic (part to whole); more difficult and speech-dependent

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What does Monroe’s Motivated Sequence do?

Provides attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action of engagement with the audience

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What are the approaches to informative speaking?

  1. Define (elaborate for the audience)

  2. Describe (mental images, easy-to-connect to language)

  3. Explain (break down and make content more digestible)

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What are the responsibilities of an informative speaker?

  • Inform the audience

  • Do proper research

  • Be accurate, easy to digest, and relatable

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What are some example topics of an informative speech? (PPIEO)

  • Objects

  • Events

  • People

  • Processes

  • Ideas

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What makes information effective? (CKUIE) (Connor and Katie at universal in Europe)

  • Clear and interesting

  • KISS

  • Use supporting material

  • Inform, captivate, relate

  • Effective and proper language

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What are asynchronous and synchronous presentations?

Asynchronous presentations are pre-recorded; synchronous presentations are live

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What are the principles for preparing to present online?

  • Make sure you have backups

  • Good internet access

  • Proper delivery

  • Good digital slides

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Why should presentation aids be used?

  • Help communicate with the audience

  • Enhances speech, goals, and overall delivery

  • Retention

  • Engagement

  • Sensory

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What are the principles of integrating presentation aids?

  • Use fitting context

  • Supplements content and context

  • Invite audience interaction

  • Good composition

  • Less is more

  • Credit sources

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Principles for using presentation software

  • Spatial mapping

  • Digestible

  • Contextualize

  • Relevance

  • Correlate with content

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Steps for delivery?

  • Practice with the aids

  • Use speaking notes

  • Eye contact

  • Explain and add onto what is said

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Tips for using textual elements effectively?

  • Fulfill goals and are relevant

  • Clear and readable

  • Use sparingly; don’t overwhelm the viewer

  • Summarize

  • Add quotations as necessary

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What is the difference between listening and hearing?

Listening: actively processing what is being said

Hearing: not paying attention to what is said, just knowing that something is being spoken

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What are the obstacles to good listening?

  • Distractions (phones, people, etc.)

  • Bias

  • Speaker/what is on slides

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What is active listening?

Making sense of what is heard; getting something out of the speech

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What is critical listening?

Listening to provide feedback

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What are effective ways to take notes during a presentation?

  • Make an outline

  • Relationships with arrows and lines

  • Concepts and arguments

  • Mind map

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What are the best ways to provide feedback/criticism?

  • Be kind and mindful

  • What can be changed

  • Be specific

  • Tailor to needs

  • Criticize the speech, not the person

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What are the steps for building a TED talk?

  • Get familiar with the form (≤18 minutes)

  • Develop an idea (digestible and novel, memorable, or emotional to the audience)

  • Make an outline and script

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What are the steps for making a PechaKucha

  • Main point

  • Story or point of the lesson

  • Problems and solutions

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What speeches are part of life transitions?

  • Toasts

  • Eulogy

  • Graduation

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What speeches are part of ceremonies?

  • Introducing a speaker

  • After-dinner speech

  • Award presentations

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What speeches are lightening talks?

  • Ted Talks

  • PechaKucha

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What are the genre expectations for toasts?

  • Appropriate

  • KISS and personal

  • original and prepared

  • formal introduction of oneself

  • Know and adapt to audience

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What are the genre expectations for eulogies?

  • In memory of someone

  • Meaningful reflection

  • Concrete examples

    • Memories

  • Consider the audience and shared values

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What are the genre expectations for graduation speeches?

  • Recognize everyone

  • Appropriate humor

  • Focus on values

  • Don’t use cliches

  • Use metaphors

  • Focus on accomplishments and experiences

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What are the genre expectations for introducing a speaker?

  • Correct, proper pronunciation

  • KISS

  • Light, brief, hype the person up

    • Pick a few things and state them that are relevant to the speech and person

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What are the genre expectations for after-dinner speaking?

  • Fun and informative

  • Engaging delivery

  • Find a balance of humor and seriousness

  • Be polite and reasonable

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What are the genre expectations for presenting an award?

  • Meaningful award - explain the award and why the person is receiving it

  • Build suspense

  • Show the award

  • Shake hands with and applaud the awardee

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What is the importance of ethics in civil society?

Creates civil conversation and positive ethos

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What is deceptive speaking?

Distortion of facts - cherry picking, false information

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What is coercive speaking?

Bullies/humiliates/intimidates/etc. audience into belief

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What is biased speaking?

Research doesn’t help formulate an opinion, downplays others, and is false and inappropriate

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What are the seven principles of civil public speaking?

  1. Honesty

  2. Transparency

  3. Generosity to the audience

  4. Balanced in viewpoints

  5. Ethical presentation of evidence

  6. Appropriate risks

  7. Choose engagement

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What is name-calling?

A negative, prejudiced label on individuals/an idea