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Adaptation
Adjusting a topic, arguments, and presentation to fit a particular audience.
Argument
An assertion (a claim) supported by evidence, expert opinion, data, or a logical chain.
Choices
In public speaking, the choices are about topic, information, organization, visual aids, and type of delivery.
Delivery
The act of making a speech to an audience.
Democracy
A system of government where people govern themselves through direct votes (direct democracy) or elected officials (representative democracy).
Frame
The context of relevance to the audience for the information or arguments of a speech.
Informative Speech
A speech that provides facts and data about a topic to help the audience understand it.
Persuasive Speech
A speech aimed at changing the audience’s opinion about a topic or encouraging a specific action.
Pluralism
The coexistence of numerous ethnic, cultural, political, or religious groups in one nation.
Public
A group of people who share a common set of concerns.
Rhetoric
The study of how language, argument, and narrative can persuade an audience.
Special Occasion Speech
A speech made on the occasion of a life transition or at a professional event.
Stakeholder
People who have something to lose or gain from a decision or policy.
Unity
Harmony among related parts.
Articulation
The clarity with which words are pronounced.
Impromptu speaking
A speech delivered without preparation.
Manuscript speech
A speech that is written out and read to the audience.
Thesis Statement
A clear statement of your subject and/or argument.
Bibliography
A record of all the research sources for a speech.
Body
The core of a speech, where arguments and evidence are presented.
Inflection
Verbal emphasis on certain words to reinforce meaning.
Progression
Grammatical repetition that creates a sense of movement.
Audience Analysis
Surveying your audience’s beliefs, values, experiences, and motivations.
Ethos
An appeal based on the speaker’s trustworthiness and expertise.
Logos
An appeal based on reasoning.
Critical feedback
A substantiated opinion about what worked and what didn’t work in a speech.
Passive Listening
Listening that does not actively engage the ideas and arguments presented.
After-dinner speech
A humorous talk given after a meal with a serious point.
Eulogy
A speech given to remember and honor someone who has died.
Plagiarism
The use of another person's language, ideas, or arguments without proper credit.
Claim
A statement to be proven or agreed to.
Grounds
Evidence or reasoning used to support an argument.
Peer Review
The evaluation of a scholarly work by others in the same field.
Distractions
Obstacles preventing full attention to a speech.
Why is public speaking necessary?
Powerful; motivating; connection; impacts the audience
What is the communication process?
Message (idea), sender (speaker) , receiver (audience)
What is the public and communication?
Group of people with similar concerns; the audience; the communication delivers information effectively and respects the public (choices)
What is the speaking process?
Think (about the topic), create (the speech), deliver (present/perform)
What is needed for preparing a speech? (ArROW TAG)
Argument, research, organization, words, topic, audience, goals
How to create focus from anxiety?
Visualize success and what can go right; manage expectations; practice and prepare for the speech
What are the different types of preparation and delivery?
From memory, extemporaneous (with notes), mile markers/big ideas, impromptu
How to best use voice and body effectively?
Mouth: project, be understandable, articulate, tone, inflection
Body: good posture, face the audience
Legs: face the audience, move properly
Hands: gesticulate as appropriate
Eyes: scan the audience, maintain positive contact with the members
Dress well and be intentional with movements
How to best answer audience questions? (steps)
Review the topic and avoid hard-to-answer questions
Understand what is being asked
Understand the topic
Take time to understand what is being asked
Be positive, draw into topic, know everyone hears the questions
Steps/best way to pace speech?
Rehearse and run through the speech
Practice numerous times
Practice with notes, visual aids, etc
Consistency in style and organization
What are the characteristics of an effective style?
Understandable
Compelling
It gets the point across
Lively, descriptive
What are the different figures of speech?
Highlight content and a noticeable change in a sentence
Repetition (enunciation, alliteration, rhyme, words, phrases, sounds)
Grammatical (repeat different phrases, etc.)
Progression and buildup to a part of a speech
Contrast (antithesis/contrasting words with opposite meanings; plain double antithesis, reverse antithesis/reverse order of keywords)
What are the definitions and five tropes?
A trope is a figure of speech that highlights a word or concept
Metaphor
Simile
Metonymy (substitution, draw connections)
Hyperbole/Liotes (understatement)
Personification
What is a specific purpose?
A statement or phrase that sums up what the speech is about
What is pitch?
Volume/strength of voice
Best way of focusing a topic for the audience?
Don’t be too broad or long
Provide a good amount of information
Tailor to the audience’s goals or needs
What are the general types of speaking situations?
Inform
Persuade
Engage
Public
Classroom
Business
Invite
How is research essential?
Adds confidence and credibility (ethos) to the speaker
Quality and validation also helps
How should one do research responsibly?
Provide the audience with correct, well-supported, and verified evidence
Do not provide misinformation
Consider the impact of the evidence on the audience
What are the steps of the research process? (pretty reads don’t make readers upset in a course)
Pre-existing knowledge
Research strategy
Databases and resources
Materials & Source information
Evaluate (read, take notes)
Update claims (with info)
Integrate into speech
Citations (avoid plagiarism)
How to conduct online research?
Search terms (find topic ideas)
Focus search (websites, databases)
Gather materials (organize and add citations)
Read and take notes
What are the three questions to determine source quality? PTH
Purpose to goal
Type of evidence
How good the evidence is (strength, relation to topic)
Why and how should someone cite a source in a bibliography and aloud in a speech?
In a speech: say where the evidence is from when stating it
Provide background if needed
In a bibliography, include annotations/the source in the specified format
What are the tasks of the introduction?
Capture the attention of the audience
Give a reason for the audience to listen
Establish ethos/common ground
Provide the thesis
Context
What is a preview?
A preview provides a roadmap of the speech - what the speech will review, outline, organization
What are the main parts of a speech and their roles?
Introduction: Ethos, goals, context, thesis
Body: Subject content, connect to thesis, evidence and arguments
Conclusion: ties the speech together and provides a memorable, satisfying ending
What is the definition of the chronological pattern of organization?
Time-related sequence
What is the definition of the spatial pattern of organization?
Points in location to space (visual, physical object)
What is the definition of the cause-and-effect pattern of organization?
Why something happened; the origins and causes of one thing to another
What is the definition of the problem-solution pattern of organization?
Examines symptoms and provides a solution/what the audience can do
What is the definition of the topical pattern of organization?
The points have a relationship to the topic (part to whole); more difficult and speech-dependent
What does Monroe’s Motivated Sequence do?
Provides attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action of engagement with the audience
What are the approaches to informative speaking?
Define (elaborate for the audience)
Describe (mental images, easy-to-connect to language)
Explain (break down and make content more digestible)
What are the responsibilities of an informative speaker?
Inform the audience
Do proper research
Be accurate, easy to digest, and relatable
What are some example topics of an informative speech? (PPIEO)
Objects
Events
People
Processes
Ideas
What makes information effective? (CKUIE) (Connor and Katie at universal in Europe)
Clear and interesting
KISS
Use supporting material
Inform, captivate, relate
Effective and proper language
What are asynchronous and synchronous presentations?
Asynchronous presentations are pre-recorded; synchronous presentations are live
What are the principles for preparing to present online?
Make sure you have backups
Good internet access
Proper delivery
Good digital slides
Why should presentation aids be used?
Help communicate with the audience
Enhances speech, goals, and overall delivery
Retention
Engagement
Sensory
What are the principles of integrating presentation aids?
Use fitting context
Supplements content and context
Invite audience interaction
Good composition
Less is more
Credit sources
Principles for using presentation software
Spatial mapping
Digestible
Contextualize
Relevance
Correlate with content
Steps for delivery?
Practice with the aids
Use speaking notes
Eye contact
Explain and add onto what is said
Tips for using textual elements effectively?
Fulfill goals and are relevant
Clear and readable
Use sparingly; don’t overwhelm the viewer
Summarize
Add quotations as necessary
What is the difference between listening and hearing?
Listening: actively processing what is being said
Hearing: not paying attention to what is said, just knowing that something is being spoken
What are the obstacles to good listening?
Distractions (phones, people, etc.)
Bias
Speaker/what is on slides
What is active listening?
Making sense of what is heard; getting something out of the speech
What is critical listening?
Listening to provide feedback
What are effective ways to take notes during a presentation?
Make an outline
Relationships with arrows and lines
Concepts and arguments
Mind map
What are the best ways to provide feedback/criticism?
Be kind and mindful
What can be changed
Be specific
Tailor to needs
Criticize the speech, not the person
What are the steps for building a TED talk?
Get familiar with the form (≤18 minutes)
Develop an idea (digestible and novel, memorable, or emotional to the audience)
Make an outline and script
What are the steps for making a PechaKucha
Main point
Story or point of the lesson
Problems and solutions
What speeches are part of life transitions?
Toasts
Eulogy
Graduation
What speeches are part of ceremonies?
Introducing a speaker
After-dinner speech
Award presentations
What speeches are lightening talks?
Ted Talks
PechaKucha
What are the genre expectations for toasts?
Appropriate
KISS and personal
original and prepared
formal introduction of oneself
Know and adapt to audience
What are the genre expectations for eulogies?
In memory of someone
Meaningful reflection
Concrete examples
Memories
Consider the audience and shared values
What are the genre expectations for graduation speeches?
Recognize everyone
Appropriate humor
Focus on values
Don’t use cliches
Use metaphors
Focus on accomplishments and experiences
What are the genre expectations for introducing a speaker?
Correct, proper pronunciation
KISS
Light, brief, hype the person up
Pick a few things and state them that are relevant to the speech and person
What are the genre expectations for after-dinner speaking?
Fun and informative
Engaging delivery
Find a balance of humor and seriousness
Be polite and reasonable
What are the genre expectations for presenting an award?
Meaningful award - explain the award and why the person is receiving it
Build suspense
Show the award
Shake hands with and applaud the awardee
What is the importance of ethics in civil society?
Creates civil conversation and positive ethos
What is deceptive speaking?
Distortion of facts - cherry picking, false information
What is coercive speaking?
Bullies/humiliates/intimidates/etc. audience into belief
What is biased speaking?
Research doesn’t help formulate an opinion, downplays others, and is false and inappropriate
What are the seven principles of civil public speaking?
Honesty
Transparency
Generosity to the audience
Balanced in viewpoints
Ethical presentation of evidence
Appropriate risks
Choose engagement
What is name-calling?
A negative, prejudiced label on individuals/an idea