factors affecting POST industrial Britain

how did social class affect participation in POST industrial Britain

-Upper classes had more leisure time, money and education, as they were often factory owners. This enabled them to regularly perform in long, expensive sports such as equestrian

-The Middle Class developed from the factory managers. They had more time and money and sent lots of free time playing sports. sent children to public schools and played rugby

-The Working Class still had very little time and money, however, during this period they were given the Saturday half day, which many workers dedicated to playing sports like football

Post industrial Britain

• Urbanisation = growth of cities, which meant lack of free, open space  

• Middle class developed = factory owners  

• Physically demanding factory work with long, low paid hours  

• Railway developed rapidly  

• Women still experiencing inequality, but fighting against it  

• Public school for upper/middle class males. Late 19th century state education introduced 

What was the industrial revolution? 

• A period of major technological and social change  

• From 1850-1900 

Sport in Post-Industrial Britain:

• Clearer distinction between work and leisure time  

• Growing sport opportunities for lower classes - upper class still had more access 

• Notion of 'professionalism' grew 

• Sports became 'codified' - mostly occurred in Public schools 

• Codified = introduction of rules and regulations 

• State education = PE = more participation in sports  

• Factory owners discouraged mob games, but encouraged codified sports - they needed a healthy workforce 

Amateur

Taking part for the love of the game, ad for no monetary reward. Traditional 'gentlemanly approach'.

Professional 

Taking part to be paid. Made winning more important and increased competitiveness.

how did gender affect participation in sport in POST industrial Britain

-Men regularly competed in sports and physical activity

-Women had limited opportunities to compete in sports as they were expected to keep the house. However, after the 1868 Taunton commission on secondary education many female pioneers emerged and Women’s sports became more common

-pe made compulsory in 1873

How did law and order affect participation in sport of POST industrial Britain

• The upper class made the laws. They banned many violent lower-class sports such as cock fighting but their blood sports such as fox-hunting were not banned

• veiled professionalism began as being paid was frowned upon

• football crowds rowdy and patriarchal

How did transport affect participation in sport in POST industrial Britain.

-The spread of railways allowed the possibility of reliable and convenient travel. Fixtures between schools began and spectators could go watch games

How did money affect participation in POST industrial Britain

-pros are able to earn money but are inferior to amateurs

-players on rugby teams had to ask for compensatory payment of missing out on Saturday morning wages due to missing it to play games, they were denied.

-many clubs could not sustain financial outlay and disbanded

How did education affect participation in sport in POST industrial Britain

-as literacy rate improved, the working classes began to understand written rules and read news items about their teams

-girls also went to school in 1870s, which increased the population with an education due to education act

How did availability of time affect participation in sport in POST industrial Britain

-working class gained rights and the Saturday half day was created, increasing free time. This caused the working classes to seek sporting entertainment

-public schools increased the amount of time they were spending on sport and increased its popularity

two examples if how developments in law and order changed characteristics of sport POST industrial Britain

• police force created= mob games replaced with rationalised

• cruelty to animals act passed= most cruelty to animals sports became illegal

criteria of womens sport

• not too strenuous

• uncompetitive (competitive seen as unladylike)

• not allowed to physically exert themselves as seen as fragile

explain the decline of mob football due to cultural changes

• less space in towns due to indus rev

• no time to play due to work

• no energy due to work

• no wakes as factory owners don’t allow time off

• changes in law and order meant violence was less tolerated

• people were more able to understand complex sports due to education

what is the cult of athleticism

cult: growing craze of sport

athleticism: developing physical endeavour and moral integrity through sport

what ethics and values were promoted in public schools

• leadership

• fair play

• teamwork

• courage

• respect

what was the impact of athleticism on sport

• encouraged effort over winning

• encouraged development of codified sport

• encouraged to play fair with sportsmanship

what was the impact of the cult on sport

• large amounts of time devoted to sport in order to develop it

• developed leagues eg house systems

• ex-boys spread the cult (through old boys network)

why were the 19th century Public schools so influential in promoting and organising sport

• time on sport: believed to be important bc it created moral character and health

• influence of public school head teachers: Thomas Arnold, well respected and influential so society followed their ideas

• Money: -facilities -equipment -coaching

• rules:-standard developed rules and structure 0NGBs created to codify sport

• Ex pupils promoted games and their ethics: -old boys network

• House structure and fixtures: -in every sport -competitive

where does the old boys network spread

• university, army officers, teacher, clergy ( so international), industrialists (factory owners), community leaders

what did the NGB’s do

• establish rules (codification)

• arrangement of competitions

• increased participation by helping the spread of sport

explain how formation of NGM’s linked to social and cultural developments

• Saturday half day= more time to discuss and improve sports

• state education introduced= could write down rules and codify sports

• law and order= society is more civilised so rules required

• middle class= sought to improve health and wellbeing of working class through organised sport