Prinsciples of Animal Health Behaviour &Welfare

What is animal behaviour

A way an organism responds to stimuli in its environment

What are the two parts of animal behaviour

Proximate and Ultimate Causation

What is proxmate causation

The How, Hormone levels, nerve impulses and molecular pathways

What is ultimate causation

The Why, Adaptive value to animal’s survival or reproductive success

What is ethology

Knowledge of normal behaviour needed to determine abnormal

What does ethology relates to

Adaptive strategies, Reproductive strategies, Energy requirements

What are Tinbergens four questions

Causation, Function, Ontogeny development, and Phylogeny development

What are the classes of behavioral activities

all of the above

What considerations should be taken with the ethogram

design, define measurements, avoid bias, include a control

What are the 3 types of marking

permanent, semi permanent, and temporary

What are examples of permanent marking

branding, tatooing, clipping, notching

What are examples of semi permanent marking

ear tags, wing bands, neck bands, fluorescence and radiation

what are examples of temporary marking

streamers, adhesive tape, nocturnal lights, feather and fur clipping, dyes and paints

When did wild animals begin domestication

15-9k BC

What are the consequences of domestication

variety breeds, permanent settlements, reliant on man for survival, transition from forage and hunt to farm and herd

What behavioural changes occur in animals due to domestication

increase in problem behaviors

What causes problem behaviours in domesticated animals

decline in space, movement, companionship, physical & psychological stimulation, increase in boredom

what are the three essentials of stockmanship?

knowledge of animal husbandry, skills in animal husbandry, personal qualities

What is group cohesion?

stability of a herd due to the duration of time they have been together

Where is the flight zone in animals?

around the animals

where is the point of balance?

around the shoulder

how long does it take the animals to calm down after they become excited?

20/30mins

What is autogrooming?

grooming ones self

what is allogrooming

grooming other animals

What is the role of the leaders?

maintains knowledge of environment, coordinates group cohesion, provide food and water

What is the role of an initiator?

first to react in a way that elicits a new group activity, involved in the daily movements of herds

what is the role of the controller?

individual who determines if, when & what new group activity occurs, highest ranking animal

what is the role of the competition?

situation where individuals seek to obtain the same resource

What are the benefits of living in groups?

improved foraging, reproductive assistance, reduced predation

What is the cost of living in groups?

increased visibility, competition, disease

What is reciprocity?

assisting another animal at a cost to themself with expectation it will be reciprocated

What is altruism in animals?

sacrifice at a cost to themselves to benefit of group survival of group

What is the formula for hamiltons rule of altruism?

rB-C>0

The study of animal behaviour on the basis of evolution and the natural environment is called

Ethology

Which of the following is not one of Tinbergen's Four Questions Causation

Environment

Which of the following is NOT an observation about animal behavior?

Hormone levels are higher in the spring in seasonally breeding birds.

A list of all behaviours observed in a species is called:

ethogram

Which of the following are not test situations used to determine the importance of particular behaviours?

Natural behaviour

What is the primary purpose of an ethogram?

To provide a quantitative description of an animal’s normal behaviour

When constructing an ethogram, which of the following is essential to track in relation to behaviour?

The frequency and duration of each behaviour

Which of the following is NOT typically recorded when constructing an ethogram?

Animal's emotional state

What is measured as “latency" in constructing an ethogram?

The delay until the next behaviour occurs

Which of the following factors might be recorded to understand the timing and nature of behavioural changes in relation to an animal’s physiology?

The animal's physiological state

When monitoring livestock, you should make sure they have what 4 necessities?

Water, Shelter, Feed, and Rest

What is one thing emphasized when handling cattle?

Remain Calm

When cattle are confronted, what is their f irst impulse?

To bunch up or move away

How should you move cattle?

Walking and moving slowly and not being in their flight zone

What will cattle do if you enter their flight zone from the front?

Animals will turn and face you

How should you walk towards cattle herds?

At a diagonal line, to the front of them

What is proper cattle handling based upon?

Cool, Calm, and Collected

What speed should cattle be moved at?

A walk or trot

What are the three key factors to handling cattle properly?

Slow, Relaxed, Deliberate

Which of the following does not influence an animal’s flight zone?

Size of the pen

Where is the point of balance on a calf?

Shoulder

Cattle have 360-degree vision.

false

If all the cattle are facing the handler, the handler is _________ the flight zone.

inside

Wild cattle will have a ______flight zone than tame cattle.

larger

To create flow in the drafting lane, cattle must be able to see the calf in front leave the squeeze chute.

true

Choose the answer which correctly lists the stages of predation in the order in which they occur

search/ encounter, detection, identification, approach / attack, subjugation and consumption

When do primary anti-predator strategies occur?

Continuously, regardless of a predator's presence

Select the correct choice to complete the sentence: Secondary anti-predator strategies operate

during an encounter

The colouration and markings of Viceroy and Monarch butterflies are examples of?

Mullarian mimicry

The secondary anti-predator strategies, startling the predator, playing dead, distraction and aposematism are employed to?

Escape from capture

The dilution effect, predator satiation, alarm calls, improved vigilance and predator confusion are examples of secondary anti-predator strategies termed

Safety in numbers

What is the purpose of faking a broken wing in the presence of a predator?

lead the predator away from the nest

When do anti predator strategies occur?

Operates regardless of predators presence

When do secondary anti predator strategies occur?

Operates during an encounter

What is aposematic coloration?

warning colouration

What is mullerian mimickry?

2 animals toxic to prey species advertise in coloration as warning signal

What is Batesian mimickry?

2 animals have same colouring, one toxic, the other mimics to warn predators

What are some secondary defensive strategies?

Exaggerating primary defence, Crypsis, Colour display, Flight and evasion, Deflect attack

What is the purpose of secondary defenses?

Retaliation, Unpredictable Behaviour, Encourage Premature Attack, Aggregation & Predator Saturation/ Extreme abundance

What are the aspects of animal welfare?

natural living, function, affective state

What is natural living in respect to animal welfare?

The animal in its natural environment witht the ability to express full behavioural repertoire

What is function in respect to animal welfare?

Clinical health and wellbeing and productivity

What is affective state in respect to animal welfare?

Sentience - a life worth living

What are the three Rs in regards to animal welfare?

Replacement, reduction, refinement

What does replacement stand for in the thre Rs

avoid or replace the use of animals

What does reduction stand for in the three Rs?

minimize the number of animals used

What does refinement stand for in the three Rs?

minimize pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm

What are the 4 principles of welfare quality?

good feeding, good housing, good health, appropriate behaviour

What are Mellors five domains?

Behavioural interactions, nutrition, physical environment, health, mental state/ experiences

Why use the Five Domains Model?

allow systematic assessment of the impact of inputs from four physical domains on the mental state of the animal in terms of both positive and negative affects

What would an animal-based measure to assess good feeding for absence of prolonged hunger?

body condition score (ABM)

What would an resource-based measure to assess good feeding for absence of prolonged thirst?

water provision, number, cleanliness and functioning of water points, and water flow

What would animal-based measure of good housing in dairy cows?

Time needed to lie down, collision with housing equipment during lying down, animals lying partly or completely outside lying area, cleanliness of udder, flanks, legs

What is a management-based measure for assessing good housing in dairy cows?

Access to outdoor loafing area or pasture

What is a resource-based measure for assesing good housing in dairy cows?

ease of movement and presence of tethering

What is a sub clinical disease?

a disease that may not always be apparent

What is disease spread driven by?

level of challenge and immunity

What is biosecurity?

Practices in place to prevent the introduction and the spread of disease in a herd

What is bio-exclusion?

Actions to reduce risk of introduction disease

What is bio-containment?

Actions to reduce the spread of infectious disease

How would you reduce the risk of spread of disease?

reduce source and spread on farm, and improve immunity

What is vertical transmission?

Horizontal – Cohorts, i.e dam to foetus

How would you go about improving an animals immunity?

good quality colostrum, nutrition, reduce stress, preventative medicines

What are the 3 stages that an animal obtains visual information?

primal sketch from retinal images, stereoscopic images, memory

What is the function of olfaction communication?

Reproduction, territorial marking, signaling predators, diet selection, recognition

What is autogrooming?

Grooming ones self

What is allogrooming?

Grooming another