Functional Groups for CHM 115 S26

For CHM 115 Exam 3

compound type

alkene

prefix/suffix

-ene

compound type

alkyne

compound type

alcohol

alcohol is recognizable for what traits?

Alcohols are recognizable for having a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached via single bond to a carbon atom

What makes alcohol different from carboxylic acid?

the -OH group in an alcohol is singularly bonded to a C atom; carboxylic acid is an -OH group bonded to a C atom that is doubled bonded to an Oxygen atom

compound type

haloalkane

prefix/suffix

halo-

what is the defining trait for a haloalkane

a haloalkane is a halogen atom bonded to a Carbon

What are the halogen atoms?

F, Cl, Br, I

prefix/suffix

-ol

compound type

amine

What is the defining trait for amines?

A nitrogen atom bonded to one or more carbon atoms

prefix/suffix

-amine

compound type

aldehyde

prefix/suffix

-al

What is the defining trait of aldehydes?

a carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain; the C atom is also bonded to at least one H atom

describe a carbonyl group

a C atom double bonded to an O atom

compound type

ketone

prefix/suffix

-one

what is the defining trait of a ketone?

a carbonyl group that is in a carbon chain; is bound to two other C atoms

What is the key difference between a ketone and aldehyde?

a ketones have a carbonyl group within a carbon chain; aldehydes are a carbonyl group bound to a hydrogen at the end of a carbon chain

compound type

carboxylic acid

prefix/suffix

-oic acid

what is the defining feature of a carboxylic acid funtional group

the C atom of carbonyl group bound to an O of a hydroxyl group; located at the end of a carbon chain

What is the structure of a carboxylic acid?

COOH

compound type

ester

prefix/suffix

-oate

What is the defining feature of an ester functional group?

the C of a carbonyl group bound to an O atom; O atom is bound to another atom other than H (R’)

compound type

amide

prefix/suffix

-amide

What is the defining feature of an amide functional group?

a carbonyl group bound to a nitrogen atom

What makes an amine and amide different?

an amine: is a carbon bound to a nitrogen atom while an amide is a carbonyl group attached to a nitrogen atom

compound type

nitrile

prefix/suffix

-nitrile

what is the defining feature of a nitrile functional group?

a carbon atom triple bonded with a nitrogen atom; typically appear at the end of structures

what is the defining feature of alkenes?

a carbon-carbon double bond

what is the defining feature of a alkyne

a carbon-carbon triple bond

compound type

phenyl

prefix/suffix

phenyl-

What is the defining feature of a phenyl functional group?

a benzene ring attached to a carbon chain with one hydrogen atom removed; attached to another atom (R).

functional group

aldehyde

functional group

alcohol

functional group

ketone

functional group

ether

functional group

carboxylic acid

functional group

ester

functional group

ester

functional group

amine

functional group

amide

alkanes have what electron geometry?

tetrahedral electron geometry due to the sp^3 hybridization of the carbon atoms.

alkenes have what electron geometry?

trigonal planar electron geometry due to the sp^2 hybridization of the carbon atoms.

alkynes have what electron geometry?

linear electron geometry due to the sp hybridization of the carbon atoms.

Describe Aromatic carbons

compound of C and H, characterized by a ring structure and resonance; exhibit delocalized π electrons.

these are an example of

aromatic hydrocarbons/compounds

Heteroatoms

atoms in organic compounds that are not carbon or hydrogen, such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or halogens. They can influence the chemical properties and reactivity of the compounds.

Describe Cycloalkanes

carbon atoms arranged in a ring, with single bonds connecting the carbons (no ends); no double or triple bonds.

an example of

alkanes

an example of

alkenes

an example of

alkynes

An expanded formula shows

all atoms and bonds

a condensed formula shows

bonds between C and not H

a skeleton formula shows

bonds between C; does not show H bonds

descibe constitutional isomers

compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of bonded atoms and properties.

descibe geometric isomers

same molecular formula and connectivity, but different spatial arrangements due to restricted rotation

prefix/suffix

alkoxy-

What is the defining feature of an ether functional group?

a single oxygen atom between 2 C atoms (R-O-R’); does not include a carbonyl group