Final Exam

International Relations Chapters 6,7,8,10

What is national security?

the ability of a state to protect its interests, secrets, and citizens from internal and external elements

What are the three elements of national security?

1. focuses on particular internal or external threat that endangers the state

2. goal is to protect its interests from those threats

3. seeks to ensure that the state has the capability to provide that protection

Did the intensity of interstate war increase or decline after the world wars and the Korean War?

decrease

What is war?

an organized and deliberate political act by an established political entity that causes at least 1,000 deaths per year and involves at least two actors capable of harming each other

What is interstate wars?

fought between two or more states

What is an intrastate war?

wars that take place within a state

What is a conventional war?

fought using conventional weapons that limit the destructive effect of the war to the legitimate targets of war and are lost when someone acknowledges defeat

What is an unconventional war?

restrictions to focus on military targets alone, the use of weapons of mass destruction, or the use of different types of tactics such as guerrilla warfare

What is guerrilla warfare?

reverses the conventional relationship between soldiers and civilians by having civilians risk their lives to protect combatants who hide among them with a reliance on hit-and-run tactics until enemies are worn down

What is asymmetric conflict?

an inequality in material strength between the two sides, with one side significantly more well-equipped and technologically advanced than the other

What is nonviolent resistance?

another method used to overcome a stronger opponent

What are the basic characteristics of terrorism?

1. political in nature or intent

2. perpetrators are nonstate actors

3. targets are non-combatants

What is the purpose of terrorism?

to call attention to a cause

What is cyberwarfare?

state actions taken to penetrate another state’s computer or networks for the purpose of causing damage or disruption

What is a key feature of state’s strategic actions to protect themselves from cyberwarfare?

cybersecurity

Why does war occur according to realists?

states believe that more power leads to the expectations of more influence, wealth, and security

What causes war according to realists?

a transition of power

What are the two patterns tied to power transition?

1. rising power might launch a war to solidify its position

2. most powerful state(s) might launch a preventive war to keep a rising challenger down

What are the three reasons that war is less likely to happen according to liberals?

1. democracy

2. economic interdependence

3. international institutions

What is the democratic peace theory?

argues that democracies rarely go to war with each other

What is commercial peace theory?

argues that economically interdependent states would be less likely to go to war because war disrupts their economic gains

Liberals argues that international institutions…..

helps build positive connections between states and economic institutions, which reduces the possibility of conflict

According to constructivists, what shapes foreign policy goals and state’s interests?

identities

According to constructivists, what do perceptions do?

shapes interactions between states

What do neorealists believe?

war is unavoidable

What are the two approaches that realists take when avoiding war?

1. power balancing

2. deterrence

What two strategies do liberals use to advocate for peace?

1. collective security

2. arms control and disarmament

What do constructivists do to prevent war?

1. socialization to cooperative norms

2. changing identities

3. spread of norms delegitimizing war

What is Jus ad Bellum?

deals with the question of when it is legal to go to war

What three philosophers constructed the theory and criteria for Jus ad Bellum?

Saint Augustine, Saint Thomas Aquinas, and Hugo Grotius

What are the criteria for Jus ad Bellum?

1. must be a just cause and a declaration of intent by a competent authority

2. leaders must have correct intentions

3. going to war must be the last resort

4. forces must be removed rapidly after the objective is secured

What is international codified into?

UN Charter

What are the three important articles in the UN Charter?

1. article 24: that states may not use force against each other

2. article 51: allows states to use force against another when acting in self-defense

3. article 42: allows a state to attack another if the attack is authorized by the UN Security Council

What is Jus in Bello?

deals with the question of what acts are considered legal and illegal when fighting the war

What are the three qualifications of Jus in Bello?

1. the principle of noncombatant immunity

2. the principle of proportionality

3. avoid unnecessary human suffering

What are the three approaches when explaining cyberwarfare as “just?”

1. instrument-based approach

2. target-based approach

3. effects-based approach

What is international cooperation?

when states adopt behavior that aligns with the preferences of other states

Why is cooperation difficult for realists?

1. the relative gains problem

2. the prisoner’s dilemma

What do neoliberals believe leads to cooperation?

reciprocity

What do liberals believe leads to cooperation?

the Kantian triangle of peace

What is the Kantians triangle of peace?

democracy, economic interdependence, and international institutions

According to constructivists, what factors cause either cooperation or conflict

states’ identities, shared understanding, and norms

What is international law?

a body of rules and norms regulating interactions among states and between states and IGOs

What are the functions of international law?

1. rules and norms that create order and set expectations

2. mechanisms for dispute settlement

3. protection of the status quo

4. guarantees of fairness and equity

5. legitimizations of the use of force by government

What is the Grotian tradition?

that states, like people, are rations, law-abiding, and capable of cooperation and thus Hugo Grotius concluded that international relations between states are based on the rule of law and the law of nature

What is the Westphalian tradition?

established the notion of sovereignty and challenges the Grotian tradition

What are the sources of international law?

1. customs

2. treaties

customary law is…..

limited

What convention governs the creations and enforcement of treaties?

the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969)

What are the enforcement mechanisms for state compliance used?

1. vertical enforcement

2. horizontal enforcement

3. self interest

4. normative and ethical explanations

What is vertical enforcement?

legal process by which one actor constrains the actions of another over which it has authority to secure its compliance with the law

What are the two mechanisms of enforcement within vertical enforcement?

1. top-down via international institutions

2. bottom-up via national or local courts

What is top-down via international institutions?

international institutions like the International Court of Justices have the power to enforce state compliance

What are the weaknesses of the International Court of Justices?

1. both parties must agree to the court’s jurisdiction before a case is taken

2. few cases are brought before the ICJ
   few cases deal with pressing controversies of the day

3. only state can initiate proceedings

4. limited enforcement ability

What does bottom-up via national and local courts allow?

universal jurisdiction

What is horizontal enforcement?

states work to elicit compliance with international law by other states

What are the two mechanisms used in horizontal enforcement?

1. power

2. reciprocity

Self-interested states benefit by….

participating in making the rules through treaties

What are some bodies of international law?

1. international criminal law

2. law of the sea

What do the treaties of criminal law deal with?

procedural issues and substantive transnational issues

What is extradition?

the process of delivering an individual from the territory of one state to another state for prosecution or to serve a sentence

What does the law of the sea deal with?

establishment of maritime zones, addressing fishing rights, and the management of mineral resources

According to Adam Smith. how do market develop?

individual and rational action

What is the theory of economic liberalism?

For markets to function properly, they must be free from government action and be able to maximize the use of resources and the generation of new wealth

What is mercantilism?

the goal is to build economic wealth to expand the power of the states

What is the modern version of mercantilism called?

Economic nationalism

What is economic radicalism?

a response to the growing economic chasm between rich and poor in the developed world and the increased division between developed and developing states, caused by the global liberal economic systemWhat

What policies of the state influence domestic and international economic policy?

Fiscal policies, monetary policies, and microeconomic policies

What is a fiscal policy?

adjustment of spending and tax rates in order to influence the economy

What is a monetary policy?

adjustment of the size and/or growth of the money supply, which in turn effects the interest rate

What is a microeconomic policy?

regulations, subsidies, competition, and antitrust actions used to stimulate the economy

What other variable affects the economy?

exchange rates

What is an exchange rate?

price of one country’s currency in relation to another

What protects domestic economy from competitors, health issues, and national security concerns?

tariffs and nontariff barriers

What is a current account?

measures the net border flows between countries of goods, services, government transfers, and income on capital investments

What is a capital account?

the flows of capital between countries

What is a balance of payments?

a record of a country’s transactions with the rest of the world and describes the relationship between a state’s economy and the economies of other states

What is the role of MNCs?

they are engines of economic growth, providing international finance, and items to trade

What do economic liberals see MNCs as?

positive

What are the activities of an MNCs?

investing abroad, negotiation licenses in the foreign market, and important and exporting goods and services

What are the five reasons that MNCs participate in international markets?

1. to avoid tariff and import barriers

2. to reduce transport costs by moving production closer to consumers

3. to obtain tax advantages or labor concessions

4. to obtain the services of foreign technical personnel

5. to avoid unfriendly policies in their home state

What are the economic perspectives?

• economic liberalism

• mercantilism

• economic nationalism

• economic radicalism

What does the theory of economic nationalism include?

markets need to be free from government action, thus maximizing the use of resources and the generation of new wealth

What does the theory of mercantilism include?

the goal was to build economic wealth to expand the power of the state, a common practice of many governments, and led to protectionism

What does the theory of economic nationalism include?

international system is viewed as an arena for economic power competition between states

What does the theory of economic radicalism include?

a response to the growing economic chasm between rich and poor in the developed states, caused by the global liberal economic system

What falls under the role of states?

• macroeconomic policies

  • fiscal policies

  • monetary policies

• microeconomic policies

What is the definition of a fiscal policy?

adjustment of spending and tax rates to influence the economy, stimulate economic growth, government can increase spending and/or reduce taxes, and wanting to slow the economy

What is the definition of monetary policies?

adjustment of the size and/or rate of growth of the money supply, which in turn affects the interest rate

What is included in microeconomic policies?

regulations, subsidies, competition, and antitrust actions used to stimulate the economy

What is the definition of exchange rate?

price of one country’s currency in relation to another

What occurs under a floating exchange rate?

the market determines the value of one currency compared to another

What occurs under a fixed exchange rate?

the government keeps the prices of money at an established value

Tariffs and nontariff barriers can protect……

the domestic economy from competitors, evolving health issues, and even national security concerns

What is reflected within a balance of payments?

the relationship between a state’s economy and the economies of other states

What is contained within the balance of payment?

current accounts and capital accounts

What does a current account measure?

the net border flows between countries of goods, services, government transfers, and income on capital investments

What does the capital accounts describe?

the flow of capital between countries

Multinational corporations play a key role as….

engines of economic growth, providing international finance, and items to trade

What do economic liberals see MNCs as?

positive