Exam 4

Diathesis-stress model

Assumes a biological difference between individuals explaining why some develop certain disorders under stress.

Biopsychosocial model

Integrates biological, psychological, and social factors.

 biological +thoughts emotions and feeling+social group

Etiology

The origin or cause of a disorder.

Course

The expected path of a disorder over time.

Prognosis

The likely treatment outcomes and overall forecast of a disorder.

Psychodynamic

Freud's theory focusing on the subconscious mind.

Cognitive

Focus on thinking processes and how they affect behavior.

Obsessions

Thoughts, thinking, or images that repeatedly intrude into consciousness.

Compulsions

Actions performed in response to obsessions that are aimed at reducing anxiety.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A condition triggered by experiencing a traumatic event, characterized by recurrent memories or flashbacks.

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A disorder featuring two or more distinct identities or personality states.

Antisocial personality disorder

Characterized by a failure to conform to social norms and lack of regard for others.

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Include hallucinations and agitated behavior.

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Include lack of emotional expression and flat affect.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

A type of therapy that changes thoughts and behaviors to improve mental health.

Aversive conditioning

A behavioral therapy technique involving negative reinforcement to eliminate undesirable behaviors.

-shock collar for a dog

Token economy

A system where tokens are earned as rewards for desired behaviors and can be exchanged for privileges.

Social facilitation

The tendency for people to perform better on tasks in the presence of others.

Bystander effect

A social phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a victim when others are present.

Altruism

Selfless concern for the welfare of others, often leading to helping behavior.

Social identity theory

A theoretical framework explaining how an individual’s self-concept is derived from perceived membership in social groups.

Companionate love

A type of love characterized by intimacy and commitment without passion.

Consummate love

A complete form of love characterized by intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Psychological Aspects of Aggression

Includes the study of how aggression is learned through observation and modeling.

Social loafing

The phenomenon where individuals exert less effort when working collectively than alone.

Central route of persuasion

Persuasion that involves thoughtful consideration of the arguments presented.

Peripheral route of persuasion

Persuasion that relies on superficial cues rather than the actual content of the message.

Psychological disorders

conditions characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that cause significant distress or impairment in functioning. impacts the ability to function daily. abnormal and rare

Biological

changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body

Behaviorism

abnormal behavior is learned

sociocultural

abnormal behavior is the product of family, social, and cultural influences

Pros of diagnostic labels

Provide a common language to professionals

Establish distinct categories of diagnosis for treatment and understanding

Can be timesaving and lifesaving tools

Cons of Diagnostic Labels

overly prejudicial, bias, and psychology student’s syndrome

The range or emotions is normal

going from extreme sadness to extreme elation is abnormal

Major depressive disorder

poor appetite, slowness/retardation, and weight loss

Suicide number

988

Somatoform

complain of physical problems but no evidence

Anxiety disorders

Characterized by excessive worrying, fear of losing control, nervousness, and inability to relax

specific phobia

fear of a specific object

generalized anxiety

feelings of dread for 6 months or longer

Anorexia

underconsumption significantly low body weight

Bulimia

overeating-compensatory behaviors-purge to get rid of

BInge

overeat but do not purge

Sexual disorders/dysfunction

problem with sexual functioning, or with the physical workings of the sex act

sexual interests, arousal, or response

DSM 5

Diagnostic manual

Cluster A

odd and eccentric behavior

Cluster B

dramatic and emotional behavior-attention seeking

Cluster C

anxious and fearful behavior

Obsessive Compulsive disorder

-Overall the person is a perfectionist, tight, and stingy-does not have the behavioral aspect of the compulsive and obsession disorder

Therapy

makes people feel and function better

Eclectic

more than one treatment/approach

Insight therapies

understanding why you're doing smg or gaining insight

Action based therapy

change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly

Psychodynamic therapy

Based on Freud’s thinking and assumes that psychological problems reflect early childhood experiences and internal conflicts

Humanistic Therapy

help ppl become their ideal self-self actualization-conscious experience in the “here and now”

Psychoanalysis

Provide insight into the conflicts that are presumed to lie at the roots of a person’s problems

Behavior modification

modifying or changing the behavior

Systematic desensitization

slowly getting closer to your feared thing-gradually exposing a person to a feared thing

Modeling

The client observes and imitates person who approaches and copes with feared objects or situations

Virtual

exposes patient to fear through virtual reality

Successive approximation

Behaviors that gradually become more similar to a target behavior

social skills training

Helps people in their interpersonal relations that utilizes self-monitoring, behavior rehearsal, and feedback

Biofeedback training

bodily function-heart rate/pulse

Cognitive theory

changing beliefs and attitudes-change the thinking

Group Therapy

has and is led by a trained therapist

Self help group

does not have a trained therapist

couple therapy

helps couple enhances their  relationship

Antianxiety drug

reduces anxiety

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is

evidence-based therapy

Antidepressants

increases serotonin and noradrenaline

antipsychotics

reduce dopamine-hallucinations

mood stabilizer

Bipolar-normals out your mood

Biomedical therapies

include drug therapy, shock therapy, surgical treatments, and noninvasive techniques

psychopharmacology

the use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders

other bio med therapies

ECT, Psychosurgery, Drug therpaies, Cognitive-behaior therapy

Telepsychology

-Not in person-zoom ,face time, teams

resiliency

-ability to adapt to challenges and bounce back

social psychology

scientific study of persons behaviors thoughts and feelings influenced or are influenced by social groups

attitude

enduring behavioral and cognitive tendencies

social influence

the process through which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an individual

Cognitive anchors

We often judge new ideas in terms of how much they deviate from our existing attitudes 

Selective avoidance

divert or avoiding information that is inconsistent with one's attitude

Select exposure

deliberately seeking information that is consistent with ones attitude

Polarization effect

taking extreme position

Majority wins scheme

No objectively correct decision, decision is supported by the majority

Truth wins scheme

More information is provided and opinions are discussed. Group recognized that one approach is objectively correct

two thirds majority scheme

When majority agrees, others tend to eventually agree as well.

First shift rule

Group tends to adopt the decision that reflects the first shift in opinion expressed by a group member.

deindividuation

State in which one is willing to follow a norm that emerges in a specific situation

Factors include Anonymity, Diffusion of responsibility, Arousal due to noise and crowding, and Focus on group norms rather than own values

social impairment

negative influence

Milgram studies-obedience

most ppl will respond to authority

Conformaty

to act like others

Attitude

-tendancy to be positive or negative-Afect-Behavioral-Cognitive component

Impression formation

forming of the first knowledge a person has about another person

social categorization

the assignment of a person one has just met to a category based on characteristics the new person has in common with other people with whom one has had experience in the past

Stereotype

believe and think the same thing abt everyone in a group

social perception

Examines the ways in which one forms and modifies their impression of others

3 Factors of social perception

Primacy effect-1st impression

Recency effect-most recent impression

Attribution-belief abt why ppl behave a certain way

Dispositional attributions

Behavior is ascribed to a person’s internal factors

Situation attributions

Behavior is ascribed to a person’s external factors