Anatomy M2 Quiz

1

Cholesterol

Scattered within the bilayer, cholesterol molecules help maintain fluidity and stability.

2

Proteins

Embedded in the bilayer, these proteins perform various functions, including transport, communication, and structural support.

3

Carbohydrates

Attached to proteins and lipids on the extracellular surface, they play a role in cell recognition and adhesion.

4

Phospholipid Bilayer

Composed of two layers of phospholipids, with hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads facing outward.

Nucleus

The control center of the cell, containing DNA and regulating gene expression.

Function: Transmits genetic information and provides instructions for protein synthesis

Nuclear pores provide chemical communication channels between nucleus and cytoplasm

Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP through cellular respiration.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and modification.

Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.

Lysosomes

Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis, found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER.

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers, such as microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, provides structural support and facilitates cell movement.

Internal framework strength and flexibility, movement of organelles and cell shape changes

Microtubules

• Movement inside the cell

• cell division

Microfilaments

• Cell movement

• Actin- muscle movement

Intermediate filaments

• Structural component of cell

Chromosome

Tightly packed DNA that is not accessible

Chromatin

DNA loosely wrapped around histone proteins, accessible

Nucleotides

the building blocks of nucleic acids. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

• Phosphate - links nucleotides together through phosphodiester bonds

• Sugar

  • Deoxyribose: Found in DNA

  • Ribose: Found in RNA

• Nitrogenous Bases

  • Adenine (A), Thymine (T) (only in DNA), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Uracil (U) (only in RNA).

DNA and RNA structure

• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): Double-helix structure with complementary base pairing (A-T, C-G).

• •

  RNA (Ribonucleic Acid): Single-stranded molecule involved in protein synthesis (A-U, C-G).

Components of the cell membrane:

1. Proteins

2. Carbohydrates

3. Lipids

__ are the building blocks of nucleic acids

Nucleotides (building blocks of nucleic acids which are DNA and RNA)

Non-Membranous organelles

Cellular structures that lack a surrounding membrane

1. Ribosomes

2. Centrioles

3. Cytoskeleton

Which cell has the structure called Cristae? What is it's function?

Mitochondria - increase surface area for making ATP

A, B, C

Phosphate group, Penrose sugar, nitrogenous base