Campbell Biology 12th edition: Chapter 22 낱말 카드 | Quizlet

new era of biology

began when Charles Darwin published the Origin of Species

The Origin of Species

focused biologists'

attention on the great diversity of organisms

- current species are descendants of ancestral species

-decent with modification

decent with modification

Saw the different organism (difference from each other but similar to an ancestor)

Galapagos islands (different birds on different islands)

- represents the unity of life

Aristotle

greek philosopher

- species were scala naturae

scala naturae

Every organism on earth was created and does not change (no evolution)

Carolus Linneaus

- was the founder of taxonomy

- Followed Aristotle's viewpoint scala naturae

fossils

- helped to lay the groundwork for Darwin's ideas

- remains or traces of organisms from the past

- found in strata

things that dont fossilize

- no skeleton

- prokaryotic organisms

strata

sedimentary

rock which appears in layers

paleontology

the study of fossils, was largely

developed by French scientist Georges Cuvier

Cuvier

speculated that the boundaries between strata represent catastrophic events

- flood, drought

Geologist James Hutton and Charles Lyell

- perceived that changes in Earth's surface can result from slow, continuous actions still operating today, and at the same rate

- strongly influenced Darwin's thinking

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

french biologist

- hypothesized that species evolve through use

and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics

- wrong

- ex. giraffe doesnt use long neck then its offspring will have short neck

Charles Darwin's ship

HMS Beagle

Darwin's discovery on Beagle

- collected specimens of South American plants and animals

- observed that fossils resembled living

species from the same region, and living

species resembled other species from nearby regions

-experienced an earthquake in Chile and observed the uplift of rocks

Lyell's Principles of

Geology

influenced Darwin

- thought earth was more than 6,000 years old

Galapagos Island

-west of South America

- species on islands were colonized by species from south America

experiment of Galapagos

- perceived adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes

- new species will evolve and adapt to the enviornment they are in

- takes time

different types of birds on galapagos

- seed eaters, cactus eaters, insect eaters

- different beak styles

- same to finch ancestor

1844 Darwin

wrote an essay on natural selection/ decent with modification

- did not publish

- scared of persecution from religion

natural selection

a process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

three of Darwin's observations

the unity of life

the diversity of life

the ways organisms are suited to life in their environments

misconception of Darwin

never used the word evolution in first Origin of Species book

- descent with modification

unity of life

- all organisms are related through descent from an ancestor that lived in the remote past

history of life

a tree with branches representing life's diversity

-Some branching process or extinction event happened to cause the gap

artificial selection

humans have modified other

species by selecting and breeding individuals

with desired traits

- dog breeding

observation and inference from Darwin 1

1. Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits

- Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals

observation and inference from Darwin 2

2. All species can produce more offspring than the environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce

- This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations

Thomas Malthus

noted the potential for the human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources

- if traits are better than another, organisms with the trait will multiply and increase trait phenotype

- adapt to enviornment

survival of the fittest

Individuals with certain heritable traits survive

and reproduce at a higher rate than other

individuals

natural selection process

increases the frequency of

adaptations that are favorable in an environment

-If an environment changes over time, natural

selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions

- may give rise to new species

individuals vs. population

individuals do not evolve;

populations evolve over time

- Natural selection can only increase or

decrease heritable traits that vary in a

population

adaptations

vary with different environments

modifying Charles Darwin's theory

New discoveries continue to fill the gaps

identified by Darwin in The Origin of Species

four types of data that document the pattern of evolution

Direct observations

Homology

The fossil record

Biogeography

Two examples provide evidence for natural selection

natural selection in response to introduced species

the evolution of drug-resistant bacteria

soapberry bugs

- use their "beak" to feed on seeds within fruits

- Feeding is most effective when beak length is

closely matched to seed depth within the fruit

soapberry bugs in south florida

- soapberry bugs feed on

the native balloon vine with larger fruit; they

have longer beaks

soapberry bugs in central florida

they feed on the introduced

goldenrain tree with smaller fruit; they have

shorter beaks

places soapberry bugs also reside

Louisiana,

Oklahoma, and Australia

beak size

- examples of evolution by

natural selection

- In Florida, this evolution in beak size occurred

in less than 35 years

Staphylococcus aureus

- bacterium

- common in humans

one strain of Staphylococcus aureus

methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)

- dangerous pathogen

resistance to penicillin

evolved in S. aureus two years after it was first widely

used

Resistance to methicillin

evolved in S. aureus two years after it was first widely

used

what natural selection does not do

create new traits

- it edits or selects for traits already present in the population

evolution by natural selection

can occur

rapidly in species with short generation times

- current enviornment determines which traits will be selected for or selected

against in any specific population

Homology

is similarity resulting from common ancestry

Homologous structures

are anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a

structural theme present in a common ancestor

comparative embryology

reveals anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms

ex. all vertebrate embryos have a post-anal tail

and pharyngeal arches

direct observation

used in science to support evolution

vestigial structures

remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors

- ex. Wisdom teeth, appendix

homologies at molecular level

-genes shared among organisms inherited from a common ancestor

evolutionary trees

phylogenetic trees

- diagrams that reflect hypotheses about the relationships among

different groups

- formed by homologies

- made using anatomical and DNA sequence data

convergent evolution

the evolution of

similar, or analogous, features in distantly related groups

- does not provide information about ancestry

analogous traits

- arise when groups

independently adapt to similar environments in similar ways

- not always related to each other (ancestry)

fossil record

provides evidence of the

extinction of species, the origin of new groups,

and changes within groups over time

- can document important transitions

biogeography

the scientific study of the geographic distribution of species, provides

evidence of evolution

Pangea

- Earth's continents were formerly united in a single large continent

-but have since separated by continental drift

continental drift in evolution

continent movement and modern distribution of species allows us to

predict when and where different groups evolved

endemic species

species that are not

found anywhere else in the world

- mostly live on islands

- closely related to species on adjacent islands

Darwin theory on islands

species from the

mainland colonized islands and gave rise to

new species as they adapted to new

environments

theory

accounts for many

observations and data

- attempts to explain

and integrate a great variety of phenomena

Darwin's theory of evolution by natural

selection

integrates diverse areas of biological

study and stimulates many new research

questions

- Ongoing research adds to our understanding

of evolution