NSC-419 Mock Final Exam

What is cell signaling?

Biochemical reactions that convey a message to a DNA promoter.

The methods of communication that can be protein-based, amino acid-based, or cholesterol-derived steroid molecules are known as

Hormones

Primary operations of the large intestine include

Absorption of water and electrolytes and storage of fecal matter until elimination

The absorption of most lipids first routes through the ______ system and then enters the ______ system.

Lymphatic; circulatory

The majority of digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs within the

Small intestine

The gastrointestinal tract has two basic types of movement, which are propulsive and ______ movements.

Mixing

Which of the following breaks down carbs?

Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, and bacteria in the large intestine

Lactose intolerance is characterized as inability to digest and absorb dietary

Lactose

Which type of carbs consists of starch, glycogen, and fiber?

Polysaccharides

Disaccharides are carbs consisting of starch, glycogen, and fiber.

False

The following are the main hormones involved in blood glucose regulation

Insulin, cortisol, glucagon, and epinephrine

According to research, a low GI diet has been found beneficial in lowering the risk of heart disease and lowering cholesterol levels.

True

______ is produced in the pancreas, promotes conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules to glucose, promotes lipolysis, and secretion occurs as a response to low blood glucose.

Glucagon

Benefits of consuming dietary fiber include all of the following except

Increase in the glycemic index

Research indicates that low dietary fiber intake may reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes due to lowering the glycemic response of food.

False

All of the following are true of soluble fibers except

Low fermentability

Which are true about soluble fibers?

Higher fermentation and dissolves in water

Fiber benefits include all except

Higher glycemic index

Diverticulosis is more common in elderly populations and may be associated with a low intake of dietary fiber.

True

Functions of lipids include insulation and ______.

Energy storage

Which lipoprotein is produced in the small intestine and main function is the absorption of dietary triglycerides and cholesterol and transport into the lymphatic system and then to the blood?

Chylomicrons

Which lipoprotein primary function is to absorb dietary triglycerides and cholesterol and transport to the lymphatic system?

Chylomicrons

The kidneys, liver, mammary glands, brain, lungs, and adipose tissue possess the ability to synthesize

Cholesterol

Functions of protein include having a vital role in ______, hemoglobin, and development of connective tissues such as collagen and elastin.

Enzymes

Protein absorption primarily occurs in the form of

Amino acids

Hydrochloric acid present in the stomach ______ proteins and also has a role in the conversion of pepsinogen to ______ for protein digestion.

Denatures; pepsin

Studies suggest that an increase in leucine stimulates muscle protein synthesis, resulting in an increase in lean body mass in what population?

Older adults

Leucine boosts muscle in who?

Older adults

Blank is characterized by insufficient dietary protein consumption and symptoms include potbelly, decreased ability to cry, moon face, and depigmented, easily pluckable hair.

Kwashiorkor

Which is true of kwashiorkor?

Severe protein deficiency

All essential amino acids must be present simultaneously in appropriate quantities to make protein.

True

High in protein may lead to obesity, increase in renal stress, and bone demineralization.

True

Nutraceuticals grouped by food sources include

Functional foods, foods in their naturally harvested state, and supplements

Hypotensives, antioxidants, antibacterials, and anti-inflammatories are all classifications of functional food grouped together based on their proven and purported physiological actions on humans, referred to as

Health claims

Chlorogenic acid and cafestol are diterpenes with anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties derived from

Coffee beans

Limonoid is a triterpene, contains limonin, is found in ______, has a bitter flavor, and has anti-cancer properties.

Citrus fruits

Studies suggest that extra virgin olive oil is most effective at combating which of the following?

Breast cancer

Resveratrol and pterostilbene are stilbenes found in berries and grapes known to have anti-inflammatory and ______ properties, protecting against Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease.

Antioxidant

Health claims characterize the relationship of a substance to a disease or health-related condition, and the two main types are authorized and

Qualified

Total energy expenditure includes thermic effect of activity, thermic effect of food, adaptive thermogenesis and

Basal metabolism

Which elevates TEF the most?

Deviled eggs

RBCs rely entirely on glucose.

True

Which training increases fat oxidation?

Endurance training

During endurance, which hormone spikes relative to intensity?

Epinephrine

During the ______ lactate is converted to pyruvate.

Cori cycle

Alanine is converted to pyruvate supporting gluconeogenesis during

Transamination

Which hormone lowers blood glucose?

Insulin

Which hormone raises blood glucose?

Glucagon

Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin A?

Hormonal production

Which of the following is a common symptom of vitamin A deficiency?

Night blindness

Which of the following is true about vitamin D?

Vitamin D aids in the prevention of certain bone diseases, including rickets, osteoporosis, and osteomalacia

Vitamin D helps regulate which two minerals in the body?

Calcium and phosphorus

Which of the following is a primary function of vitamin E in the body?

Antioxidant protection

Which symptom would most likely indicate a vitamin E deficiency?

Slow reflexes and difficulty walking

Which of the following is a primary physiological role of vitamin K in the body?

Blood clotting factor activation

Which of the following symptoms is most characteristic of a deficiency in vitamin C?

Bleeding gums, easy bruising, and poor wound healing

Which would be the best source of vitamin C?

Peppers

What is vitamin B2 (riboflavin's) main role?

Energy production

Which symptom is NOT part of the classic 4 D's (vitamin B3 niacin)?

Dehydration

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is mainly involved in

Protein metabolism

What can too much folate (B9) do?

Mask a B12 deficiency

Excess phosphorus can cause

Calcium imbalance and bone loss

The majority of dietary sodium in the American diet comes from which source?

Processed and manufactured food

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about sodium absorption?

Sodium has a 90%-95% absorption rate

What is one major function of potassium in the body?

Nerve transmission and muscle contraction

Which of the following is a good source of potassium?

Banana