211 Language Science

Phonology

onset

rime

nucleus

coda

Phonotactics

Systematic organization of phonemes within syllables

Iambic

da-DUM pattern

weak-strong

Trochee

DUM-da

strong-weak

Brown’s: 1 ing

Progressive -ing

Brown 2 s

Plural S

Brown 3 IN

Preposition IN

Brown 4 ON

Preposition ON

Brown 5 S

Progressive S

Brown 6 ed

Regular past -ed

Brown 7 ire

irregular past

Brown 8 3rd

regular 3rd person present tense s

Brown 9 art

Articles A, An, the

Brown 10 con cop

Contractible copula

am are is ‘m

Brown 11 con aux

Contractable Auxilary

am are

Brown 12 un cop

Uncontractable copula

Brown 13 un aux

uncontractible auxilary

Brown 14 ir 3

irregular 3rd person

Free Morpheme

can stand alone as words

tall

Bound Morpheme

Can’t stand alone

‘m 'est

Lexical Morpheme

have meaning in themselves

Grammatical Morpheme

express relationship between lexical

A, the that some

Inflectional Morpheme: Doesn’t create a new word

plural

possessive

comparative

superlative

present tense

past tense

past participle

present participle

Derivational Morpheme: creates new word

suffix, prefix

Rules of Morphemes

application

range of application

order of apearance

effect on root morphemes syntactic category

$ of allowable affixes

Word formation process

Derivation

compounding

conversion

coinage

clipped

blend

acryonym

abbreviation

eponym

Derivation

capital → capitalize

Compounding

underarm,combine 2 morpheme

Conversion

Milestiba vs milet

noun vs verb

Coinage

kleenex, bandaid, brand or company

Clipped form:

lab vs laboratory

shortnened form

Blend

smog, brunch

combo of preexisting

Acryonym

BBC UFO

words of 1st letter of syllable

Abbreviation

TV FBI

1st letter of syllable

Eponym

Hamburger → hamburg

word formed from proper name

Morphology: free

Free:

• Lexical : noun, verb, adjective, adverb

• grammatical : preposition, conjunction, determiners

Morphology: bound

Bound:

• inflectional : browns morphemes

• derivational : prefix, suffix

• contraction: ‘re, ‘d, ‘ll

Grammatical Features

Number

Person

Case

Tense

Aspect

Gender

Mood

Finite

tense & agreement

Finite: adverbial

subordinating conjuction

after, if, some, here, until, although before

time, manner, condiiton, reason, comparisson

Finite: Relative

modifies noun

who that which

Finite: Nominal

answers the what question

wh-clause

Nonfinite

infinitive: no tense & no agreement

gerund: verb in-ing

participal: adjective

Simple sentence

one main clause

Compound

2 main clauses & conjuction (FANBOYS)

complex

1 or more main clause

1 dependent clause

Compound-complex

compound & complex sentence

Declarative

Positive/negative statement

has a period

Exclamatory

Exclamation point

strong emotion

interjection

Imparative

request

order

implied

Interrogative

question mark

yes/no

tag question

obtain info

Noun & Verb phrases

parts of the sentence you break down

Synonymy

words are synonymous if same sense

same value for all semantic features are shared

unlikely that there are absolute synonyms

ex. big sister vs large sister

Overlap

words have some but no all features in common

intersection of semantic features

ex. sister, niece, aunt, mother

Hyponymy

words that reflect hierarchical relationships with eachother

superordinate = dog

subordinate = dalmation

word that contains the meaning of another word

different than overlap (pasta vs tortellini)

Antonymy

gradable, relational, binary/complementary

Gradable

word pairs that describe opposite ends of a continuum (happy & sad, hot & cold)

Relational

word pairs that express a symmetrical relationship

parent/child

Binary/complementary

word pairs that exhaust all possibilities across dimension

dead/alive

Reference

how do words relate to things concepts, and other words

referent: Specific thing

entity in the external world to which a linguistic expression relates

particular and specific object

ex. laptop is broken

Extension: group of things (general)

set of all potential referents for a referring expression

all entities (past, present, future, imaginary) which could be referred to by that expression

Co-reference: both words → Eachother

two linguistic expressions that have the same referent

co-reference is determined by context

ex. joe is the host of the show

ex. jay is the host of the show

• joe and jay aren’t the same

Anaphora: word represents word

linguistic expression that refers to another linguistic expression

pronouns are anaphors

• whoever stole the pen needs to turn themselves in

  • whoever = themselves

pronouns can also share co-reference to an entity

• Mary wants john to hurt himself

  • john = himself

Deixis

an expression that crucially depends on the speaker’s point of reference

meaning of you, i , here, there, right, left, tomorrow; are relative to the situation in which the utterance takes place

Agent : doer of the action

the students took the exam

Agent: sub; students

Patient: ob: exam

Patient: what receieves the action

The exam was taken by the students

Patient: subject,

agent: object

Prototype

typical member of the extension

prototype is the least marked member of the extension

Stereotype

defining features that describe the prototype

bird = biped, two wings, has feathers, build nests, flies, lay eggs

Truth

sentences can be true or false

neither based on different kinds of truth conditions

truth/falsehood: based on the base on words in a sentence

analytic

contradictory

Analytic sentence

square has 4 equal sides

my cat is a mammal

bachelor is an unmarried man

contradictory sentence

this square has 6 equal sides

john is a married bachelor

blue gas is colorless

Synthetic

requires a check with the outside world

empirical evidence

my neighbor has 2 black cats

waldo’s living room has 4 right angles

types of truth

entailment: necessarily true

ex. elvis suffered a fatal heart attack

elvis is dead

presupposition: assumed to be true

Jazz lost Tuesday’s game

jazz played on tuesday

implicature

Pragmatics

study of how we use language is used in context to convey meaning

1. shared meaning between speaker & listener

2. context in which the utterance is used

3. actual meaning of an utterance

Grice’s Maxims

quantity

quality

relation

manner

Quantity

to be as informative as required but no more or less than is required

error: what are you reading? a book

implicature: does not want to be distrubed

Quality

be truthful with what you say or based on suficient evidence

error: miami is the capital of florida

yah and londs the capital of New jersey (sarcasm)

implicature: my response if false

Relation

be relevant to topic

error: what time is it

• well ive already finished my daily workout

Implicature: doesn’t know time but its later than typical workout time

Manner

be as clear and concise as needed for your listener

error: where should we go to eat

anywhere but m-c-d-

implicature: doesn’t want kids to understand

Illocutionary Force

intended function of speech act

what we actually DO with words

• may or may not match illocutionary form of the sentence

• ex. its cold in here

  • illoction: declaration

Locution

grammatical form of speech act

interrogative: can you close the door?

declarative: it’s always good to close the door.

imperative: close the door.

exclamation: oh no the door is open!

Types of illocutionary force

representative

directive

question

commissive

expressive

declaration

Representative

used to describe some state of affairs

ex. stating, asserting, denying, confessing

• javiar plays golf

  • i think this ice cream is the best

Directive

used to get the hearer to do something

ex. requesting, ordering, forbidding, warning

• shut the door

• i am warning you; that boy is trouble

Question

used to get the listener to provide info

ex. asking, inquiring

• who won the election?

• how do i get into the game?

Commissive

used to commit the speaker to do something

ex. promising, vowing, volunteering, offering, guarenteeing

• ill be back by 10

• i promise i’ll clean up my mess

Expressive

used to express the speakers emotional state

ex. aplogizing, thanking

• im sorry for calling you a name

• congrats

Declaration

used to change the status of something

ex. appointing, naming, resigning, baptizing

• you’re under arrest

• I baptize you

Perlocution

speech act’s intended & unintended effects on the listener

how it was received by listener

Direct illocutionary force

when the locution of the utterance matches the illocutionary force

indirect illocutionary force

when the loctuion of the utterance does not match the illocutionary force of the utterance

What is DLD

brain difference that makes talking & listening difficult

risk for social-emotional behavioral concerns

5x more prevelant than autism

affects about 2 kids out of every classroom

what people with DLD struggle with

risk for social-emotional behavioral concerns

risk of dyslexia and other learning disabilities

Garrett’s 1975 model of speech production

conceiving the message

functional representation

positional representation

Conceiving the message

considerations made by speaker

background knowledge of speaker & listener

speaker & hearer’s beliefs about communication

pragmatic intentions

• refer to something

• perform something

• perform these acts literally, not literally, directly, indirectly

  • have various effects on listener

Functional Representation: syntactic & semantic considerations

representations of phrases (phrase structure rules)

functional roles of words (agent, object)

selection of particular words (lexical vs funcitonal)

deep structure/ surface structure transformations

errors

• sound exchange errors typically occur within a single phase

• based on from of words

  • do not respect syntactic categories

Positional Representation: phonology & articulation considerations

phonemic representation of words: spell out

co-articulation & phonological process

motor instructions to articulation

errors

• typically occur within a single phase

• based on the form of words

  • do not respect syntactic categories

Slip of the brain

preservation

anticipation

exchange

blends

shift

substitutions