lab exam 1

__**This cell is filled with hemoglobin**__

Red blood cell

Cheek cell    

This is true of both cells

Red blood cell

__**This cell is surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane**__

Red blood cell

Cheek cell

This is true of both cells

This is true of both cells

__**This cell has no nucleus when mature**__

Red blood cell

Cheek cell

This is true of both cells

Red blood cell

__**The function of this cell type is protection**__

Red blood cell

Cheek cell

This is true of both cells

Cheek cell

__**This cell's shape is flattened and is part of a tissue made up of many layers**__

Red blood cell

Cheek cell

This is true of both cells

Cheek cell

__**You should always begin with the _________ objective (lens).**__

low power (4X)

medium power (10X)

high power (40X)

low power (4X)

What controls what enters and leaves the cell?

Cell Membrane

What contains DNA?

Nucleus

What maintains the shape of the cell?

Cytoskeleton

Energy production for the cell…

Mitochondria

Pick the strongest base from the following pH values.

0

5.3

12.3

9.7

7.2

12.3

__Pick the strongest__ __**acid**__ __from the following pH values.__

 

14

5\.1

7\.2

4\.9

6\.8

\

4\.9

When an acid is dissolved in water it gives off:

H+

OH-

H+

The gastric juice secreted by the lining of the stomach is:

a strong base

a strong acid

a weak base

a weak acid

neutral

Check Answer

a strong acid

Death occurs if arterial blood pH falls below 6.8 or goes above 8.0 for more than a few seconds.

True

False

true

__Placing your hand in hot or cold water__

Chemoreceptor

Thermoreceptor

Photoreceptor

Mechanoreceptor

Thermoreceptor

__Placing a piece of candy on your tongue__

Chemoreceptor

Thermoreceptor

Photoreceptor

Mechanoreceptor

Chemoreceptor

__Identifying different colors__

Chemoreceptor

Thermoreceptor

Photoreceptor

Mechanoreceptor

Photoreceptor

__Touching the skin on your hand__

Chemoreceptor

Thermoreceptor

Photoreceptor

Mechanoreceptor

Mechanoreceptor

__Shining a light in your eye__

Chemoreceptor

Thermoreceptor

Photoreceptor

Mechanoreceptor

Photoreceptor

somatic nervous system reflexes are…..

voluntary

autonomic nervous system reflexes are….

involuntary

### Monosynaptic reflex pathway are for ______ reflexes

simple

### Monosynaptic reflex pathway consists of

* 1 ______ neuron
* 1 ______ neuron

sensory;motor

Polysynaptic reflex pathway consists of

* 1 _____ neuron
* 1 or more ______
* 1 _____ neuron

sensory;internourons;motor

Most reflexes are polysynaptic (true/false)

true

What type of reflex is a stretch reflex?

Monosynaptic

Polysynaptic

Monosynaptic

What type of reflex is a flexion reflex? (pain)

Monosynaptic

Polysynaptic

Polysynaptic

**Choose the type of sensory receptor involved in perceiving touch.**

\
Photoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

Choose the type of sensory receptor involved in perceiving vision.

Photoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Photoreceptors

Choose the type of sensory receptor involved in perceiving the temperature of your skin.

Photoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

**The sensory receptors in both taste and smell are chemoreceptors.** 

True

False

true

The patellar reflex arc is:

monosynaptic.

polysynaptic.

monosynaptic

As you age, your ability to focus on near objects:

increases

decreases

decreases

As you age, the elasticity of your lenses:

increases.

decreases.

decreases

8\. **The 2-point thresholds for different areas of the body were**

**Area #1: 15 mm**

**Area #2:  5 mm**

**Which area would you predict to be the 2-point threshold of the fingertip?**

\
15mm

5mm

5mm

**In the experiment where:**

* **one hand was in hot water and one hand was in cold water for 3 minutes**
* **the hand that was in the hot was placed in the lukewarm water, the water seemed ___________  it had before.**

**Fill in the blank with one of these choices:**

\
colder than

warmer than

the same as

colder than

A reflex action requires processing by the brain in order to occur.

True

False

false

Which of the following processes in skeletal muscle contraction does not require ATP?

Breakdown of actin-myosin crossbridges.

Return of Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Release of ACh into the synaptic cleft.

Release of ACh into the synaptic cleft

Consider an individual undergoing strenuous exercise. What factor do you think is likely to make their muscles suffer from fatigue first?

Accumulation of lactic acid

Depletion of ATP

Loss of central drive

Loss of central drive

Which statement regarding a surface EMG recording is true?

Increased amplitude of the EMG recording reflects an increase in the strength of muscle contraction.

It produces consistent and accurate information that can be used to diagnose disease states.

Surface EMG is often used to analyze the activity of individual motor units.

Increased amplitude of the EMG recording reflects an increase in the strength of muscle contraction

When more motor units are stimulated, the muscle contraction is ________. When less motor units are stimulated the contraction is ________.

• This is called ______ summation

stronger;weaker;spatial

How many motor units are shown here?

2

Motor neurons innervate (wrap around) certain cylinders of a muscle _____

fibers

The group of “muscle fiber cylinders” that the motor neurons innervate is called a _____ ____

motor unit

A motor unit consists of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. (t/f)

true

A single muscle fiber may be innervated by two or more motor neurons. (t/f)

false

Many muscles contain motor units of different sizes. (t/f)

true

Neuron ________ = motor neuron wrapping around a group of muscle fibers (certain cylinders)

innervation

muscle ______ = Decreased force of contraction

fatigue

muscle _____ = Decreased velocity of muscle shortening (doesn’t contract as fast)

fatigue

muscle _____ = Insufficient oxygen for muscle

contraction

fatigue

muscle _____ = able to return to original force with a short period of rest

fatigue

Which of the following processes in skeletal muscle contraction does not require ATP?

Breakdown of actin-myosin crossbridges.

Return of Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Release of ACh into the synaptic cleft.

Release of ACh into the synaptic cleft

What does an EMG measure?

Electrical activity of motor nerves that innervate skeletal muscle fibers.

Electrical activity of skeletal muscle fibers.

Mechanical contraction of skeletal muscle fibers.

Electrical activity of skeletal muscle fibers

Which statement regarding a surface EMG recording is true?

Increased amplitude of the EMG recording reflects an increase in the strength of muscle contraction.

It produces consistent and accurate information that can be used to diagnose disease states.

Surface EMG is often used to analyze the activity of individual motor units.

Increased amplitude of the EMG recording reflects an increase in the strength of muscle contraction

_______ Respiration = produces lactic acid

Anaerobic

In EMGs the muscles RMS graph = _______ data

summarized

the blue data is the _______ muscle data

raw

the more weight you’re contracting = the _______ the wave amplitude

higher

the more weight you carry = ______ motor units were recruited

more

the higher the wave _______ = the more motor units were recuited

amplitude

While the biceps is contracting, there is no activity in the triceps.

True

False

false

When the biceps is contracting, there is some activity in the triceps. This is called _________

coactivation

As contractile strength increases, ____________ muscle motor units become involved in the contraction.

More

Less

more

A maximum strength skeletal muscle contraction can be sustained indefinitely.

True

False

false

A maximum strength of muscle contraction CANNOT be sustained indefinitely because the muscle will experience ______

fatigue

How to use a microscope

1. Start with the _______ magnification 4x

2. Have the stage as close as possible, and slowly _______ it.

lowest;lower

label this squamous cell (top to bottom)

nucleus;cytoplasm;cell membrane

Squamous cell epithelium is also known as human ____ cells

cheek

RBC contain ______

hemoglobin

RBC does NOT contain a ______

nucleus

Alkalosis = arterial blood pH rises above _____

7.45

Acidosis = arterial blood pH is below ___

7.35

The healthy pH of blood is between ____ to ____

7.35;7.45

When you add CO2 to phenol red pH indicator it turn _______

yellow

Adding CO2 to a pH solution = _____ its pH

lower

Water and carbon dioxide combine to form _______________ acid.

carbonic

True of false:

Increased activity (exercise) increases the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the body.

true

When acid is added to water, the pH of the solution it becomes more ______

acidic

When acid is added to a solution of water and buffer, the pH of the solution

increases a lot

decreases very little

increases very little

decreases very little

_____ = acts as a catalyst. speeds up chemical reactions

Enzyme

______ = Enzymes bind to this “go inside”

Substrate

Enzyme-substrate complex = temporary molecule when an enzyme _____ to its substrate

binds

______ = molecules that result from a chemical reaction catalyzed by an enzyme

• ________ are transformed => into product

products;substrates

example of substrate is ______

starch

example of product is ______

sugar

example of an enzyme is _____ ______

salivary amylase

When an enzyme comes out at the end of a reaction, it will look

the same as it started and can be used over again for the same reaction.

different since the process of the reaction changed the enzyme and it will not work agai

the same as it started and can be used over again for the same reaction

changing the pH can lead to a ______ in enzyme activity

decrease

a pH ______ maintains its pH level by either soaking up excess H+ or OH- ions

buffer

• barrier between ICF and ECF

• controls what enters and leaves the cell

plasma (cell) membrane

_______ tests for starch

Iodine

Benedicts Solution tests for _________

glucose

Silver ______ tests for salt

Nitrate

When _____ is present it turns dark blue

starch

when glucose is present it turns _____

copper

Benedict solution must be ______

heated