Biology II Final (Chapters 44-47)

Define: Ecology

study of how organisms interact with each other and environment

Define: Habitat

where an organism lives

Define: Ecosystem

community + environment

Define: Biosphere

all life on Earth

Define Biotic Potential

Maximum population growth possible

Describe the three types of Survivorship curves found in nature

• Type I: most live long, die old

• Type II: constant death rate

• Type III: most die young

Define Semelparity and Iteroparity

• Semelparity: reproduce once

• Iteroparity: reproduce many times

Draw a population growth cures that represents exponential growth.

A J-shaped curve

Draw a population growth cures that represents Logistic growth

S-shaped, levels off

Define carrying capacity

Max population environment can support

List and describe the two Life History Patterns seen in nature

• r-selected: many offspring, little care

• K-selected: few offspring, lots of care

What is the human population today. What type of growth are we in now? What type do you want your money in thebank or stock market to be in?

• about 7.5+ billion

• Growth: exponential

• Money: exponential growth

Describe LDC and MDC's. List a few of each. What do their Age Distribution graphs look like?

• LDC: developing (Africa, Asia), fast growth, pyramid graph

• MDC: developed (U.S., Japan), slow growth, stable graph

Describe the Demographic transition model.

High birth/death → death drops → birth drops → stable

Who is using more oil and coal than any other country? Who has the most people? Who is putting the most carbondioxide in the air? Should we be concerned about population growth and its effect on earths environment?

• U.S.: most oil/coal use

• China: most people

• U.S.: most CO₂ (historically)

• Yes, it affects environment

Define species diversity. Is it something to be concerned about?

• Variety + abundance of species

• Yes, important for ecosystem stability

Define Habitat and ecological niche.

• Habitat: where it lives

• Niche: its role/job

Describe the competitive exclusion principle. What is resource partitioning

• Competitive exclusion: cannot share same niche

• Resource partitioning: divide resources to reduce competition

Draw a typical predator-Prey interaction graph.

Cycles: prey increases → predator increases → prey drops → predator drops

Define Ecological Succession

a change in a community involving a series of species replacements

Describe Global warning and its possible impact on Global climate change. What causes it? Who is to blame? Is it for real

• Increase in Earth temp

• Cause: CO₂, fossil fuels

• Humans responsible

• Yes, it is real

Does the earth get closer to the Sun in the summer? How are our climate seasons produced

• No

• Caused by Earth’s tilt

Describe "Rain Shadow"

Windward side wet, leeward side dry

What are the two main factors that determine what biome will be found in a particular area?

• Temperature

• rainfall

Define Permafrost and explain what effect this will have on the biome it is found in

Permanently frozen soil

Limits plant growth

What biome has the most Biomass per unit of measurement. Which has the least

• Most: tropical rainforest

• Least: tundra/desert

What is a "Epiphyte"? What biome are they very common

• Plant growing on another plant

• Common in rainforest

What do wetlands do for an ecosystem

• Filter water

• Prevent flooding

• High productivity

List and describe the two types of fresh water lakes.

• Oligotrophic: low nutrients

• Eutrophic: high nutrients

Define Fall and Spring overturn in a lake

Water mixes → spreads oxygen + nutrients

Draw a picture of a Lake ecosystem and label all of its zones

• Littoral: shore

• Limnetic: open water

• Profundal: deep

• Benthic: bottom

What is an Estuary and what does it do for the ecosystem

• Fresh + salt water mix

• Very productive habitat

Define Biomagnification and give an example of it.

• Toxins increase up food chain

• Example: mercury in fish

Define and describe an El Nino- Southern Oscillation.

• Ocean temp change

• Causes global weather changes

Define Conservation Biology. What is its main goal?

• Study of biodiversity protection

• Goal: maintain biodiversity

Define Bioinformatic. How is it used in conservation Biology?

• Use of computer data to study biology

• Helps track and protect species

Define "Endangered Species", How many animal and plant species in the USA are in this group

• At risk of extinction

• ~700+ animals, ~900+ plants

Is it a good idea to introduce non-native organism to an ecosystem? Give three examples?

• No, they disrupt ecosystems

• Examples: lionfish, snakes, invasive plants

List and describe examples of the Direct and Indirect Value of Biodiversity.

• Direct: food, medicine

• Indirect: climate control, water purification

List and describe the three causes of Extinction

• Habitat loss

• Invasive species

• Pollution

Describe the problem with the hole in the ozone. What does the ozone layer do for us? What is causing the hole toform

• Protects from UV rays

• Hole caused by CFCs

Describe the chain reaction "Overexplotation" of the US west coast perch and herring populations

Overfishing → population collapse → ecosystem imbalance

Define Keystone species and Flagship species. Can a species be both?

• Keystone: big ecosystem impact

• Flagship: used to promote conservation

• Yes, can be both

Define Restoration ecology. List its three key principles

Restoring ecosystems

Key Principles:

• Use native species

• Restore natural processes

• Maintain biodiversity