CNS Exam 3 (Torgerud @ Palmer)

The mesencephalon includes what 3 structures?

Tectum

Cerebral aqueduct

Cerebral peduncles

Strutcure located posterior to cerebral aqueduct

Tectum

What are the 4 bumps on the tectum?

Superior and inferior colliculi

The superior colliculi deals with...

Visual reflexes

What tracts arises from the superior colliculi, influencing CN XI and contracting the traps and SCM when threatening objects are moving toward the head?

Tectospinal

The inferior colliculi relay...

Auditory information to thalamus

What do you find in the periaqueductal gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqqueduct?

Endorphins

Enkephalins

CN III

CN IV

Structure ventral to cerebral aqueduct

Cerebral peduncles

Tegmentum

In the midbrain, the ______________ runs through the tegmentum on its way to synapse in the VPL of the thalamus.

Medial lemniscus

The red nucleus is divided into two parts

Magnocellular

Parvocellular

Magnocellular part of nucleus ruber

Inferior area

Large cells

Most rubrospinal fibers originate

here (flexor muscles)

Parvocellular part of nucleus ruber

Highly vascular

Superior area Extends into subthalamus

Located between tegmentum and crus cerebri

Substantia nigra

In the substantia nigra, afferent and efferent signals are exchanged between two clusters of gray matter collectively called the...

Neostriatum

Substantia nigra produces dopamine from...

Tyrosine

What gives the substantia nigra its black color?

Melanin

The crus cerebri is made up of...

Pyramidal fibers

Corticomesencephalic fibers passing through the crus cerebri affect what CNs?

CN III

CN IV

The diencephalon is a derivative of the...

Prosencephalon

Gateway to the cerebrum

Thalamus

Located superior to the midbrain's tectum

Epithalamus

What are the 3 parts of the epithalamus?

Pineal gland

Habenular nuclei

Posterior commissure

What are the modified neurons within the pineal gland called?

Epiphyseal cells

How are the capillaries of the pineal gland described?

Fenestrated

What structure calcifies with age, called "brain sand"?

Pineal gland

Where is melatonin produced?

Pineal gland

This structure plays a role in assigning reward value

Habenular nuclei

What test is the posterior commissure associated with?

Pupillary light reflex

What CNs are being tested with the pupillary light reflex?

CN II

CN III

What structure lies lateral to each thalamic mass?

Posterior limb of the internal capsule

The VPL recieves input from

Spinothalamic tract

Medial lemniscus

The VPM relays information to

Somesthetic cortex

Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus relays __________ information to occipital lobe

Vision

Medial geniculate nucleus(lateral lemniscus) relays ____________ information to temporal lobe

Auditory

Largest nucleus of the thalamus

Pulvinar

Located below the 3rd ventricle

Hypothalamus

The hypothalmus includes

Infundibulum

Optic chiasm

The hypothalmus is divided into 3 zones

Anterior

Tuberal

Posterior

Hypothalamus has vague control over drives of

Huner

Thirst

Sex

Controls physical aspects of emotion

Hypothalamus

Area(s) in hypothalamus that increase digestive activities, decreases heart rate, constrict pupils

Anterior

Tuberal

Area(s) in hypothalamus that decrease digestive motility, increase heart rate, pupil dilation, piloerection, and sweat gland secretions

Posterior

The anterior area of the hypothalamus includes

Supraoptic nuclei

Paraventricular nuclei

Suprachiasmatic nuclei

Anterior nucleus

Preoptic area

Send axons via hypothalamohypophyseal

tract to posterior pituitary

Supraoptic

Paraventricular

Part of hypothalamus that releases oxytocin and ADH

Supraoptic

Paraventricular

Part of hypothalamus responsible for circadian rhythms

Suprachiastmatic

Part of hypothalamus that acts as thermoregulator, especially as body warms

Preoptic

Term used to describe the undulating bulge between

infundibular stalk and the large mammillary bodies

Tuber cinereum

The tuberal or intermediate area of the hypothalamus includes

Dorsomedial nucleus

Ventromedial nucleus

Arcuate nuclei

Part of hypothalamus with significant GI tract influence

Dorsomedial

Part of hypothalamus that deals with satiety

Ventromedial

Part of hypothalamus that sends axons to tuberoinfundibular tract

Arcuate

The posterior area of the hypothalamus includes

Mammillary bodies

Posterior nuclei

Part of hypothalamus important for short term memory

Mammillary bodies

Lesion of the mamillary bodies may result in

Korsakoff's syndrome

Anterograde amnesia

Vit B1 deficiency

Part of hypothalamus involved with thermoregulation, especially as body cools down

Posterior nucleu

Found just under lateral ventral aspect of thalamus

Subthalamus

The subthalamus includes

Parvocellular region of nucleus ruber

Substantia nigra

Corpus loysi

The subthalamic nuclei, or corpus loysi, sends fibers to and from

Globus pallidus

The subthalamic nuclei/corpus loysi is part of the

Extrapyramidal system

Lesions of corpus loysi may result in

Ballism

The outer gray cortex is also called the

Pallium

The underlying white matter of the cortex is also called the

Centrum semiovale

Smallest lobe of the cerebral cortex

Occipital

⅔ of the total area of the cerebral cortex is in

Sulci

The thicker part of the cortex

Precentral gyrus

The thinner part of the cortex

Calcarine sulcus

The neocortex is described as

Homogenetic

The allocortex is described as

Hetergenetic

Lamina I is also called

Molecular

Plexiform

Lamina I

Outermost layer

Nearest pia mater

Synaptic activity

Well defined

Lamina II is also called

External granular

Intracortical association layer

Lamina II

Really short axons

Axons do not make it to white matter

Part of the thinking laminae

Lamina III is also called

External pyramidal

Intercortical association layer

Lamina III

Axons extend out of white matter then return to gray matter

Part of thinking laminae

Lamina IV is also called

Internal granular

Lamina IV

Receives input from thalamus

Lamina V is also called

Internal pyramidal

Lamina V

Large pyramidal cell bodies responsible for initiating skilled voluntary movements

Part of projection laminae

Lamina VI is also called

Multiform

Polymorphic

Lamina VI

Well defined

Part of projection laminae

Caudate + putamen

Neostriatum

Neostriatum + globus pallidus

Corpus striatum

Putamen + globus pallidus

Lentiform

Caudate + putamen + globus pallidus

Basal ganglia

Huntington's is associated with a deficiency of

GABA

Caudate recieves fibers from

Cortex

Thalamus

Substantia nigra

Putamen

Caudate sends fibers to

Putamen

Globus pallidus

Substantia nigra

Thalamus

Putamen recieves fibers from

Cortex

Thalamus

Substantia nigra

Caudate

Putamen sends fibers to

Caudate

Globus pallidus

Substantia nigra

Thalamus

What structure separates globus pallidus into medial and lateral segments

Medial medullary lamina

Globus pallidus is separated from putamen by

Lateral medullary lamina

Globus pallidus recieves ribers from

Caudate

Putamen

Subthalamic nuceli

Most fibers from globus pallidus go to the

Thalamus

The amygdala is part of the ____________ system

Limbic

Caudate, putamen, and globus pallisud are part of the __________ system

Extrapyramidal

The amygdala is associated with

Fear

Anger

Lesions on the corpus callosum may lead to

Alien hand syndrome

What are the 3 parts of the mesencephalon?

Tectum

Cerebral aqueduct

Cerebral Peduncles

What structure is located posterior to the cerebral aqueduct?

Tectum