BIOL191

tried putting the labeled dissections but lowkey didnt take pictures </3

What is taxonomy?

the naming and categorization of life

What is systematics?

Integrates taxonomy and studies evolutionary relationships

Heirarchical classification system from most inclusive to most specific

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

What are characteristics based on only the physical appearance of an organism?

Morphological characteristics

What does the node represent in a phylogenetic tree?

Most recent common ancestor

What is the difference between a cladogram and a phylogram?

The branch length in a phylogram represents the amount of evolutionary change; in a cladogram the length is not informative`

What kind of tree is this and what does it represent?

Chronogram, represents time

What are pleisiomorphic traits?

Traits shared by all members and a common ancestor

What are synapomorphic traits?

Shared, derived traits; not shared by all members

What are apomorphoc characters?

Not shared between groups, unique to one

This type of group includes an ancestor and all of its deescendants. What kind of group is it?

Monophyletic

This group does not include a common ancestor? What type is it?

Polyphyletic

This group consists of an ancestor, but not all descendants. What is it?

Paraphyletic

What kind of microscope is this and when would you use it?

Compound microscope; looking at 2D, small, and/or transparent objects

A microscope used for looking at large, opaque objects is known as a __?

Stereomicroscope

Which domain(s) are prokaryotic?

Bacteria and archaea

What kind of DNA do eukaryotes have? Prokaryotes?

Linear; circular (both are double-stranded)

What are bacterial cell walls made out of?

Peptidoglycan

What structure do bacteria use for locomotion?

Flagellum

What bacterial shape is this?

Coccus (circular)

What bacterial shape is this?

Bacillus (rod-like)

What bacterial shape is this?

Spirillum (spiral-shaped)

What type of bacteria does the left picture show? The right?

Gram positive and gram negative

What are the characteristics of gram + bacteria?

• Thick cell wall of peptidoglycan

• Purple after gram staining

What are the characteristics of gram - bacteria?

• Outer membrane

• Thin wall of peptidoglycan

• Pink/red after gram staining

Is penicillin effective against gram + or -? Why?

Gram + because it sticks to peptidoglycan

What is the domain?

Domain Bacteria

Protists are divided into 3 broad groups. What is the name of the plant-like autotrophs?

Green algae

Protists are divided into 3 broad groups. What is the name of the animal-like heterotrophs?

Protozoa

Protists are divided into 3 broad groups. What is the name of the fungus-like absorptive heterotrophs?

Slime molds

The back and forth movement of cytoplasm is known as

Cytoplasmic streaming

Amoeba used cytoplasmic extensions known as ___ for locomotion and phagocytosis

Pseudopodia

Identify the domain and kingdom

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Protista

(This is Physarum)

How many nuclei do Paramecium have? What are they called?

2; micronucleus and macronucleus

Define oogamy

small, motile male gamete and large, non-motile female gamete

Define isogamy

identical gametes

Define heterogamy

Male and female gametes look alike and are motile, but the egg is larger

What is the structure that connects the two strands called? What is its purpose?

Conjugation tube; allows the male gamete to fuse with the female gamete to form a zygote (This microscope slide is Spirogyra)

What protist group does this specimen belong to and identify the genus

Green algae; Euglena

What are fungal cells made of?

Chitin

Threadlike structures of fungi are known as

Hyphae

Hyphae are separated by

Septa

Hyphae lacking cross walls/septa are known as

Aseptate hyphae or coenocytic

Organisms that pick up nutrients by sending out digestive enzymes into the surrounding environment are known as

Saprotrophs

Define mutualism

Both organisms benefit

Define parasitism

One organism benefits, the other is harmed

Define commensalism

One organism benefits, the other is unaffected

Most fungi reproduce by spores produced on specialized hyphal structures known as ____ ____

Fruiting bodies

The fungal body mass is known as the

Mycelium

What unique structure do Allomyces have? What phylum is this type of fungi in?

Flagellated cells; Phylum Chytridiomycota

Prob just know the ploidy and definitions of plamogamy and karyogamy

Identify the phylum and genus

Phylum Zygomycota, Rhizopus

Identify the phylum and genus

Phylum Ascomycota; Aspergillus

Identify the phylum and genus

Phylum Ascomycota; Peziza

Identify the phylum and genus

Phylum Ascomycota; Penicillium

Identify the phylum and genus

What is the specific type of asexual reproduction this specimen exhibits?

Phylum Ascomycota; Saccharomyces

Budding

Know these structures

Identify the phylum and genus

Phylum Basidiomycota; Agaricus

Identify phylum and genus

Phylum Basidiomycota; Coprinus

What type of lichen is shown?

Fruticose

What type of lichen is shown?

Crustose

What type of lichen is shown?

Foliose

In a mutualistic relationship, what do fungi provide to the plants?

Nutrients

What are the 3 tissue layers in a triploblastic organism?

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

What is the difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?

The mouth forms first in protostomes, the anus forms first in deuterostomes

Identify the phylum

What structure creates water currents and captures nutrients

Phylum Porifera

Choanocytes

What are these structures found in sponges called? What is their purpose?

Spicules; supports sponge’s body and deters predators

What are the 2 forms of cnidarians?

Polyp and medusa

Identify the phylum, class, and genus

Phylum Cnidaria, Class Anthozoa, Metridium

(Also know the oral disc)

Identify the phylum and genus

What body cavity does this type of worm have?

Phylum Platyhelminthes, Dugesia

Acoelomate

Dugesia also have auricles on the side of their head, what is the function of these?

They are tactile and chemical sensory cells

Identify the genus

Dipylidium

This is the larvae of Trichinella

Identify the phylum and type of body cavity

Phylum Nematoda; psuedocoelomate

Identify the phylum

Phylum Mollusca

What is the functions of the operculum?

Identify the class

Prevents dessication and provides protection

Class Gastropoda

Identify the class

(Also know the posterior/anterior adductor muscles and umbo)

Class Bivalve

Identify the phylum

How are the segments separated?

What is the body cavity?

Phylum Annelida

Septa

Coelomate

1. Mouth

2. Brain

3. Pharynx

4. Oesophagus

5. Psuedoheart

6. Spermathecae

7. Vesicular Seminalis

8. Crop

9. Gizzrd

10. Intestine

11. Clitellum

12. Ventral Nerve Cord

13. Dorsal Blood Vessel

14. Anus

Identify the phylum, subphylum, and genus

Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Chelicerata, Limulus

Feeding appendages in the form of pincers/fangs are known as

Chelicerae

What is the functional group of body segments called? What does it usually include?

Tagmata

Head, thorax, abdomen (Head may fuse with thorax to form a cephalothorax)

What is the shedding of the exoskeleton that arthropods undergo?

Ecdysis

Identify the phylum and subphylum

Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea

What are the 2 classes in Subphylum Myriapoda?

Class Chilopoda and Class Diplopoda

Identify the subphylum and class

How to tell if a grasshopper is a male or female

Subphyum Hexapoda, Class Insecta

Females have an ovipositor at the end of their abdomen

Identify the phylum

What are the functions of the water vascular system?

(Remember MS Ring RAT) → Madreporite, Stone canal, Ring canal, Radial canal, Ampullae, Tube feet

Phylum Echinodermata

Respiration, food capture, locomotion

What are the 4 obstacles that terrestrial plants had to overcome in order to survive?

1. Dessication

2. Water consumption

3. Gravity

4. Reproduction

What are plant cell walls made of?

Cellulose

Plants go through an alternation of generations. What is the ploidy of the sporophyte? Gametophyte?

Diploid, haploid

Nontracheophytes lack ___ tissues

Vascular

What do rhizoids do for the plant?

Anchors the plant to substrates

What phylum is this moss in?

Phylum Bryophyta

Nontracheophytes are ___ dominant

Gametophyte

Vascular plants known as ____ have 3 reproductive strategies (types of seeds)

Tracheophytes

1. No seeds (spores)

2. Enclosed seeds

3. Exposed seeds

Xylem transports

Water and materials from the roots to the rest of the plant

Phloem transports

Products of photosynthesis from the leaves to places that need nutrients

Define homosporous (relative to strobili)

The male and female strobili look alike

Identify the phylum

Phylum Lycophyta

Identify the phylum and genus

Phylum Psilotophyta, Psilotum

Identify the phylum

Phylum Equisetophyta

Identify the phylum

Phylum Pteridophyta