1 - Development Stages of Learners

pedagogy

art and science of helping children learn

4 stages of childhood

1. infant and toddler

2. early childhood

3. middle/late childhood

4. adolescence

age range for infants

0-12 months

age range for toddlers

1-2 years

Piaget stage for infants/toddlers

sensorimotor stage

Erikson stages for infants/toddlers

0-12 months

• trust vs. mistrust

1-3 years

• autonomy vs. shame and doubt

learning characteristics of infants/toddlers

cognitive

• respond to commands

• language skills develop rapidly

psychosocial

• aggravated by limits

• routines offer sense of security

teaching strategies for infants/toddlers

• utilize repetition and imitation

• stimulate senses

• ensure safety

• allow for play

age range for early childhood

3-5 years

Piaget stage for early childhood

preoperational stage

• egocentrism, literal concrete thinking

Erikson stage for early childhood

initiative vs. guilt

• task-taking, express feelings through play

learning characteristics of early childhood

cognitive

• animism

• limited sense of time

• transductive reasoning

psychosocial

• separation anxiety

• active imagination

• playmates

teaching strategies for early childhood

• establish trust

• allow object manipulation and play

• utilize positive reinforcement

• allow questions

• use simple drawings and stories

• stimulate senses

age range for middle/late childhood

6-11 years

Piaget stage for middle/late childhood

concrete operational stage

• syllogistic reasoning, awareness of cause and effect

Erikson stage for middle/late childhood

industry vs. inferiority

learning characteristics for middle/late childhood

cognitive

• able to draw conclusions

• understand cause and effect

psychosocial

• fear of illness, exclusion, failure, and disability

teaching strategies for middle/late childhood

• encourage independence

• use analogies

• relate to child’s experience

• utilize group activities

• use drawings and media

age range for adolescence

12-19 years

Piaget stage for adolescence and adulthood

formal operations stage

• abstract thinking, inductive and deductive reasoning

Erikson stage for adolescence

identity vs. role confusion

learning characteristics for adolescence

cognitive

• complex logic

• build on past experiences

psychosocial

• personal fable (sense of invincibility)

• imaginary audience (self-consciousness)

teaching strategies for adolescence

• establish trust

• use peers when appropriate

• negotiate

• focus on details

• give meaningful information

• ensure privacy

• allow experimentation and flexibility

• allow patient participation

• avoid confrontation

stages of adulthood

1. young adulthood

2. middle adulthood

3. older adulthood

androgogy

art and science of helping adults learn

Malcolm Knowles’s assumptions on androgogy

adults:

• are self-directed

• use past experiences

• are ready to learn when there is a need

• want knowledge that is immediately applicable

average reading level of adults

8th grade level

target reading level for patient literature

5th grade level

age range for young adults

20-40 years

Erikson stage for young adulthood

intimacy vs. isolation

learning characteristics for young adulthood

cognitive

• full mental capacity

• still learning

psychosocial

• independent

• has various obligations (college, career, marriage, parenthood)

teaching strategies for young childhood

• focus on problems

• relate to meaningful experiences

• ensure immediate application of knowledge

• have patient set own pace

• be organized

• allow role play

age range for middle adulthood

41-64 years

Erikson stage for middle adulthood

generativity vs. self-absorption and stagnation

learning characteristics for middle adulthood

cognitive

• steady learning ability

psychosocial

• conflict with own children and parents

• health changes

teaching strategies for middle adulthood

• maintain independence

• re-establish life patterns

• assess positive and negative experiences

• use relevant information

age range for older adulthood

65+ years

gerogogy

art and science of helping older adults learn

Erikson stage for older adulthood

ego integrity vs. despair

learning characteristics for older adulthood

cognitive

• fluid and crystallized intelligence

psychosocial

• adjusting to life changes and coping with mortality

teaching strategies for older adulthood

• use concrete examples

• build on past experiences

• teach one concept at a time

• use slow pace

• speak slowly and clearly

• use repetition

• provide brief explanation

• use analogies