energy resources

how energy has increase fishing catches

fuel for boats

water pumping

aeration in aquaculture

the role of energy in other industries

water treatment for public supply,

sewage treatment

heat to melt materials for moulding and casting of metals and plastics

the role of energy in improving material living standards

space heating

lighting

running appliances

the use of energy in transport systems

fuel for public transport systems such as buses

fuel for transporting goods

abundance

measures the amount of the resource that exists

intermittency

if an energy resource is not available at time when it is needed then it is difficult to rely on

name renewable energy resources that intermittent

wind

solar

tidal

predictability

to know how much energy will be available and whether it will meet the demand for energy

energy density

the measure of the amount of energy in a given mass of energy

ease of storage

how easy an energy resource is to store safely and effectively

locational needs for solar power

high light intensity

low cloud cover

locational needs for wind power

areas with strong, reliable winds such as

shallow seas

open plains

upland areas

areas with low land use conflicts

not in areas of high ecological sensitivity - migratory bird routes

not close to urban areas

not in areas of high scenic important

locational needs for wave power

strong, reliable winds

reliable prevailing wind direction

long fetch

on continental shelf

locational need for hydro electric power

high, reliable rainfall

site for small dam but large reservoir basin

large catchment area

impermeable bedrock - stable geology

non polluted areas before use - reservoir basin

locational needs for biofuels

nearby forest

farmland for biofuel crops

farmland for crop/animal waste

nearby urban areas for food waste/sewage

locational needs for geothermal power

hot rocks near ground surfaces

recent volcanic activity

locational needs for tidal power

tidal range is large

coastal features that focus on tidal flow to increase flow velocity or tidal range

locational needs for fossil fuels

can only be extracted where economically exploitable deposits exist - power stations require access to

fuel supplies

condenser cooling water

suitable construction sites

locational needs for nuclear power

high energy density fuel is easily transported - power stations require access to

condenser cooling water

suitable construction site

methods to extract coal

open cast quarrying and deep mining

environmental impact of extracting coal

habitat loss

noise pollution

dust pollution

turbid drainage water

spoil heaps

acid mine drainage

methane releases

methods to extract oil

crude oil flows through permeable rock a d collects in porous rock in pores between the particles - when a pipe is dirlled down the oil will be forced out

methods of extracting gas

similar to oil extraction as it is forced to the surface by its own natural pressure

environmental impacts of oil extraction/transportation

oil pollution

habitat destruction caused by pipeline construction

environmental impact of combustion of fossil fuels

atmospheric pollution

ash disposal

uses of coal

electricity generation

iron and steel industry

uses of gas

domestic and industrial heating

electricity generation

fertilisers

uses of oil

fuel for vehicles - aircraft, diesel, petrol and ships

fuel for heating

petrochemicals - plastics, fertilisers, pharmaceuticals

examples of new technologies for coal use

coal gasification

coal liquification

coal gasification

when coal is too deep so it is burnt underground in controlled conditions to produce a mixture of fuel gases

coal liquification

when coal is converted to liquids directly using solvent or indirectly using gasification then chemical changes to convert gaseous hydrocarbons to liquid hydrocarbons

examples of nw technologies of oil use

primary recovery

secondary recovery

tertiary recovery

direcional dirlling

tar sands

oil shales

primary oil recovery

uses the natural pressure of water to force the oil up the production well to the surface

scondary oil recovery

involves pumping water or natural gas down an injection well to maintain the pressure and its flow of the osil

nuclear fission

when large nuclei are split - if they are hit by neturons, releasing more neutrons and large amounts of energy

negatives to nuclear fission

technology needs to be advanced

expensive

strong public oppression as concerned over safety

concerns about possible nuclear materials for military uses and terrorist

uncertain over the permanent disposal of radioactive wate

environmental impacts of mining and processing of uranium for fission

habitat loss

noise pollution

dust pollution

turbid drainage water

hazardous waste

environmental impacts of high embodied energy of fission

contribution to global climate change

environmental impacts of reactor accidents an waste

health risks of ionising radiation

methane hydrate

a solid ice-like crystalline solid found in locations at low tempreature such aspolar regions, or unde high pressure

methods on how to extract methane hydrate

water heating

depressurisation

carbon dioxide injection

water heating - methane hydrate

when hot water is pumped into the sediments which melts the hydrate crystals - rleasing methane gas

depressurisation

drilling into the sediment causes pressure to drop - the methane slowly comes out of the crystal