Changing Spaces ALL

What are the complexities that exist when trying to define place?

• Place can have both an objective (address, map) and a subjective meaning (an aspect of a place)

Define place?

• A location with a meaning given through experience and emotion by humans

Define space?

• Something that lacks human meaning and exists between places

What are the complexities that exist when trying to compare space and place?

• One person’s space can be another person’s place - the significance of a space may differ for them

Why do people perceive places in different ways based on their age?

• E.g, a 5 year old and a 50 year old use the playground differently

• Life cycle - people change their residence as they grow older (income, employment, family size, peace)

Why do people perceive places in different ways based on their gender?

• In a patriarchal society, men and women have different roles

• Females were excluded whilst males dominated society

• Gender can also affect the ‘geography of fear’ and some places are perceived as unsafe

Why do people perceive places in different ways based on their sexuality?

• Some places may have LGBT zones

• Emergence of ghettos (forced segregation) and clustering to feel safe

• Benefits from LGBT tourism to avoid discrimination

Why do people perceive places in different ways based on their religion?

• Locations with spiritual meanings

• Praying sites (synagogues, churches and mosques), e.g, Jerusalem has significance for these 3 religions

• Refuge, peace and healing

Why do people perceive places in different ways based on their role?

• Variety of roles at a different time, influencing our perceptions of fear, insecurity and anxiety

• Gated communities are becoming more common, excluding certain people

How does emotional attachment to place influence behaviour?

• Memory is personal; every experience is unique, but memory is also selective

• Positive experiences - strong emotional attachments

Define globalisation?

• The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world - economically, socially, politically and culturally

How can the processes of globalisation influence the sense of place?

• Makes a place familiar and unfamiliar

Define global village?

• The world has become smaller, not in a physical sense, but because of greater inter-connections

How can the processes of time-space compression influence the sense of place?

• Space is no longer the barrier it once was to communication and the movement of people and goods

• Change can be both beneficial but disturbing

Who are the winners of space-time compression?

• The ones who benefit from the advantages

• E.g, currency traders, sportsperson from LIDC

Who are the losers of space-time compression?

• The ones who are controlled by the changes

• E.g, ex-steelworker in an AC

What are informal representations of place?

• A subjective, qualitative (non numerical) and creative portrayal of a place using sounds and sights

What are some examples of informal ways to represent a place?

• TV, film, music, art, photography, literature, graffiti and blogs

How does informal data represent a place?

• Provides sound and sight

• Can provide geographical context, so details can be shown - more authenticity

What are the advantages of using informal data?

• Provides wider context, e.g, social problems existing within the area

• Visual inclusion, improves understanding

What are the disadvantages of using informal data?

• May be based upon fiction

• Stereotypes, may be sensationalised

• Misleading

What are formal representations of place?

• An objective, quantitative (numerical) and often the use of statistics to portray a place

What are some examples of formal ways to represent a place?

• Census and geospatial data

How does formal data represent a place?

• Provides factual evidence

• Sometimes has sight, gathers data from households, includes factors such as etc, gender, education

What are the advantages of using formal data?

• Reliable, accurate and factual information

• Range of data is collected, can be compared

What are the disadvantages of using formal data?

• Partial representations

• Hard to interpret with no visuals

• Minority groups may not be included

Define social inequality?

• The unequal distribution of resources, wealth and opportunities between places

Define spatial inequality?

• The unequal distribution of factors causing social inequality across geographic space at any scale

Define quality of life?

• The extent to which people’s needs and desires (social, psychological or physical) are met

Define standard of living?

• The ability to access services and goods including basic requirements

Define deprivation?

• When quality of life and standards of living are low, being unable to have access to resources and opportunities

How can deprivation be measured?

• An index of multiple deprivation using composite measures (multiple indicators)

Which factors are considered in the index of deprivation?

• Income, employment, health, education, crime, housing, services, environmental quality

How does housing create social inequality?

• Less income in a household - less choices of housing

• Informal housing - overcrowding, ill health

• Homelessness - an issue among urban populations in AC’s (housing prices are inflating, inability to afford them)

How does healthcare create social inequality?

• Factors - sedentary lifestyles, stress - impacts human health

• Access to medical services - unequal distribution of healthcare

How does education create social inequality?

• Millennium Development Goal - universal primary education, investing in education

• Illiteracy - excluding people from education, less employment opportunities

How does employment create social inequality?

• Less access to employment opportunities

• Lack of formal qualifications, low skill sets

How does access to services create social inequality?

• Number of services, how easy it is to get to the service, social and economic

• Core regions - wealth, investment - good access to services

• Access to the internet

How does spatial patterns of social inequalities vary within and between places?

• Inequalities - global, local scales

• Inequalities - urban, rural places
  

Why does spatial patterns of social inequalities vary within and between places?

• Several factors affects the level of social inequality between places

• Single factor - unlikely to explain inequalities

• Interaction of several factors - spatial patterns of inequality

Define globalisation?

• The increasing interconnectivity of the world’s economies, cultures and population

Define global shift?

• The relocation of manufacturing production of a global scale

What sectors are employment structure categorised in?

• Primary

• Secondary

• Tertiary

• Quaternary

How does globalisation create de-industrialisation?

• Reduce in primary, rise of secondary (has declined from 1950-80 in ACs)

• Tertiary growth - 1980s in ACs

• Quaternary emergence - last 40 years in ACs

• Rise in secondary, fall in primary - EDCs