Interpersonal LGBTQ+ Relationships, Attitudes, Workplace Inequality, and Psychological Well-being

Double-checking safety

To mention the partner in casual conversations.

Arguing about being out

Occurs when one partner isn't ready to be out to family.

Filling out forms

Wondering if honesty could backfire.

Holding hands in public

Debating whether to hold your partner's hand in public.

Research on same-sex couples

Demonstrates a negative association between experiences of prejudice and relationship quality.

Internalized stigma

Greater internalized stigma is associated with poorer relationship satisfaction.

Essentialism

Believing sexual orientation is biologically based is associated with more positive attitudes.

Categorical distinction

Viewing gay and heterosexual individuals as categorically distinct is associated with more negative anti-gay attitudes.

Perceived incongruity

Role congruity theory suggests perceived incongruity between the female gender role and leadership roles leads to prejudice.

Glass ceiling

Invisible but powerful barriers that prevent women from advancing beyond a certain level.

Sticky floor

Little or no job path to higher positions, resulting in low social mobility.

Glass elevator

Men in female-dominated occupations find it easier to reach administrative roles.

Discrimination in hiring

Mothers are seen as less competent and less committed.

Paternal Boost

Fathers with children are 2x as likely to receive a callback compared to childless women.

Second Shift

Spending as much time doing housework and childcare as they would at a second job.

Scarcity hypothesis

Each human has a fixed, limited amount of energy, and any role makes demands on this pool.

Expansionist hypothesis

The more roles one has, the more opportunities for enhanced self-esteem.

Flexibility stigma

Discrimination against men who are not naturally agentic, making them less likely to ask for flex time.

Wage discrimination

Differential payment for similar value work.

Goldberg paradigm

Job evaluation biased on identical work, where women's work is judged to be inferior.

Occupation segregation

Pink-collar workers are paid less and do not get what they deserve.

Time spent caring for children

Includes nighttime, sick days, doctor visits, drop-off, and pick-up.

Career sacrifices for women

Women are judged harshly for sacrificing family for career.

Underrepresentation in leadership

Women are underrepresented in leadership positions.

Social networks

Gender differences make it hard to form natural connections.