Science

What are the 3 types of salivary glands, and where are they located in the mouth?

Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands are located in the roof of the mouth, cheeks, and under the jawbone

What happens in the circulatory system during hyperventilation?

Carbon dioxide levels decrease, causing an increase in blood pH.

Which of the following substances is excreted by the kidneys to regulate blood pressure?

Renin

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Innate immunity is present at birth, while adaptive immunity is acquired after exposure to pathogens

Responsible for carrying amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

tRNA

What is the role of the epididymis in sperm maturation?

Stores and protects sperm cells until ejaculation

Which of the following is a function of the respiratory system?

Exchange of gases between the body and the environment

What occurs when a skeletal muscle is in a relaxed state?

Tropomyosin covers myosin-binding sites

What results from the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine into the nerve synapse?

Dopamine binds to receptor proteins on the membrane of the postsynaptic cell

Somatic reflex

Produces a response quickly to protect the body from harm.

What chemical messenger is able to easily diffuse across the cell membrane?

Steroids

Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immunity?

It provides immediate, non-specific protection

During embryonic development, which of the following germ layers forms the nervous system?

Ectoderm

What is the primary physiological function of erythrocytes in the human circulatory system?

Transportation of oxygen to body tissues

What are the five regions of the vertebral column?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal

Two major parts of the nervous system

Peripheral and central

Which types of cells produce and release antibodies?

Plasma Cells

What indicates the function of sodium bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas?

Neutralizes the acidity of chyme

What is the structure through which blood exits the glomerulus?

Efferent arteriole

Which glands synthesize antidiuretic hormone and release hormones?

Hypothalamus

What physiological response is caused by the release of antidiuretic hormone?

Increase in water reabsorption in the collecting duct

Summarize the change that takes place as a solid turns into a liquid

Particles become less ordered

The pleura is a connective tissue sheath that covers what organ?

Lung

What substance is responsible for donating H+ ions to act as a buffer when blood pH rises?

Carbonic acid

What region of the body are the tibia and fibula found in?

Crural

What function does the myelin sheath perform for a nerve cell?

Insulation and increase the speed of electrical signals

What occurs in an oxidation reaction?

Removal of electrons

What is the efferent neuron that is responsible for releasing a neurotransmitter that stimulates a muscle cell to contract?

Motor neuron

What action allows for the repolarization of a neuron?

The opening of potassium channels

What structure is an exocrine gland?

Parotid gland

Lipids absorbed in the small intestine will first enter which structure?

Lacteal vessels

What are the covalent bonds between the monomers of an enzyme macromolecule?

Peptide bonds

The mitochondrial inner membrane carries out the same function in cellular respiration as the (blank) membrane of chloroplasts in photosynthesis

Thylakoid

What term describes the relaxation of the chambers of the heart during the cardiac cycle?

Diastole

Where is the genetic information describing the characteristics of an organism found?

Nuclei

What is the mass within the ovary that secretes hormones to maintain the uterine lining during pregnancy?

Corpus luteum

What allows the AIDS virus, which contains RNA, to insert viral DNA into the DNA of a host T-cell after the AIDS virus enters the cell?

Reverse transcriptase, an enzyme encoded by the virus

What distinguishes endocrine and exocrine glands from one another?

The presence or absence of ducts

What tissue lines the interior structures of the heart?

Endocardium

A difference between skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles

Cardiac muscles contain intercalated discs and skeletal muscles do not

The "gray matter" of the brain is mostly made up of what?

Neuron cell bodies

What structures drain oxygen-deprived blood from the kidneys?

Renal vein

What hormones regulate blood calcium levels?

Parathyroid hormone

What contains a human's hereditary information?

Chromatin

What molecule contains the fewest covalent bonds?

Chlorine molecule

What organelle is the site of intracellular digestion?

Lysosome

What event occurs in metaphase 1 of meiosis that causes variation?

Independent assortment

Where are gametes produced?

Testes and ovaries

What organelle transports energy that comes from food?

Golgi apparatus

What is it called when the immune system attacks the nervous system?

Multiple sclerosis

What produces blood cells?

Bone marrow

How does active transport work?

Uses ATP to pump molecules against/up the concentration gradients

How does passive transport work?

Occurs from a low concentration of solute to a high concentration of solute

What is a covalent bond?

Two non-metallic atoms sharing a pair of electrons

Where is amylase produced?

salivary glands and pancreas

Which chamber pumps blood toward the lungs?

Right ventricle

Which of the following structures absorbs nutrients in the small intestine?

Microvilli

Role of the central nervous system

It controls the regulation of body systems. Comprised of the brain and the spinal cord

What is the function of a nerve synapse?

Passing of signals between neurons and other neurons or neurons and muscles.

What type of muscle tissue is voluntary?

Skeletal

What is one function of estrogen?

maturation of eggs

Function of the pineal gland

Releasing melatonin

What gland releases epinephrine during stress?

Adrenal glands

What structure is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron

6 components of biological hierarchy of body from least to most complex

Chemicals

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ systems

Organism

Non-Mendelian inheritance patterns

factors other than dominant and recessive traits

Orange juice, stomach acid, and coffee are all acids. What is the pH level for these substances?

a pH lower than 7

What action causes the autonomic nervous system to be engaged?

Digestion

What disease is caused by a virus that infects T cells?

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Relationship between a chromosome and a gene

Each chromosome contains a specific number of genes.

What cell structure contains cristae?

Mitochondria

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

It maintains the cell's internal environment

Largest organ in the human body by surface area

Skin

What is a ligament?

Ligaments attach two bones

Difference between solid and liquid

Solids have a definite shape and volume, while liquids have a definite volume but no fixed shape

Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for regulating breathing rate and depth?

Diaphragm

What is the difference between a monosaccharide and a disaccharide?

Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be further broken down into simpler sugars, while disaccharides are composed of two simple sugars

Which of the following is the process by which DNA is copied into RNA?

Transcription

What is the difference between isotonic and isometric muscle contractions?

Isotonic contractions produce movements, while isometric contractions produce no movement

Which of the following is a type of genetic mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of 1 or more nucleotides in a DNA sequence?

Frameshift mutation

Which of the following describes the process of osmosis?

Movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

What is the primary pigment responsible for photosynthesis in plants?

Chlorophyll A

How do vaccines work?

Vaccines work by exposing the individual to a weakened or inactivated form of the pathogen

What is the name of the hormone that regulates blood sugar levels in the human body?

Insulin

What is the name of the joint that allows for the rotation of the arm at the shoulder?

Shoulder joint

What is the name of the valve that separates the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart?

Mitral valve

What ions bind to the troponin complex, initiating contraction of a muscle?

Calcium

Which microorganisms lack their own metabolic pathways and can only reproduce inside a host cell?

Viruses

What is the atomic number of an atom that has 12 protons and 12 neutrons?

12 (# of protons)

Which organic molecules contain both an amine and a carboxyl group?

Proteins

What is used to determine a person's DNA sequence?

Genes

What is the process called in which an ovarian follicle matures and releases a reproductive egg?

Ovulation

What is the approximate threshold value for mammalian neurons?

-55 mV (millivolts)

Which structure is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Cell membrane

What substances are excreted by sweat glands in response to the breakdown of proteins and the formation of ammonia?

Urea

Why is nitrogen gas an extremely stable molecule?

Triple covalent bonds

What substance protects the skin from UV radiation?

Melanin

What is the function of a totipotent cell?

Develops into any kind of cell

What is testosterone categorized as?

Androgen

Why would a chloride ion have a negative charge?

Gained an electron