AP Euro EL MANUAL

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain?

1. Had hella iron and coal

2. had hella rivers for canals to link major industrial centers

3. Agricultural Revolutions: mfs didn’t need to spend as much money for food, they could spend money on manufactured goods which forced people to industrialize, manufacture, and stuff in order to profit from this new demand on goods

4. Surplus of Capital: Great Britain has a well effective and centralized bank unlike other European nations

5. Favorable Political Climate: Great Britain was not absolutist and people favored innovation in the economy

6. Had hella colonies and had well developed maritime marine/navy: hella colonies = more luxury goods to sell = hella money

7. Good Intellectual Atmosphere. Royal Society of Arts and Lunar Society = incentivized innovation

Effects of the Agricultural Revolution (1760-1840)

1. more food supply

2. more food = less people starve = MORE PEOPLE

3. New inventions

4. Factory system

5. Emigration, cus less people were needed to farm, rural mfs had to go to urban areas for work

Jethrol Tull

dude who made the Seed Drill, planted seeds in ordered rows instead of by hand = faster and increased productivity

Eli Whitney

dude who made the Cotton Gin, separated the cotton seed from the fiber = more cotton production = more demand for slaves

Robert Bakewell

dude who improved livestock (more meat to feed) using new breeding techniques

Charles Townshend

Developed Crop Rotation

Enclosure Movement

Wealthy mfs closed off their farms and land. Ended the open field system and destroyed traditional patterns of English Village life. PRODUCED MORE FOOD

James Watt

guy who made the Steam Engine, you didn’t need engines to be near rivers no more because it was powered by coal, not water. Was way faster and produced hella cotton

James Hargreaves

Made Spinning Jenny, produced helal yarn

Richard Arkwright

made Water Frame, produced hella yarn

Why were other countries so behind in industrialization?

Lack of good roads, problems with river transit = harder transport stuf, toll stations and custom barriers increased costs of price of goods, guild restrictions, Continental entrepreneurs were just not that competitive and preferred security instead of risking it for the biscuit, serfdom still existed, Continental Governments just didn’t care that much

Continental Government Role on Industrilzation

They played a significant role in economic affairs. They provided tehnical educations, gave grants to investors, and finnanced factories (these all facilitated in the spread and increasing industrialization in the Continent)

What did France do when they saw British flood their economy with hella cheap products?

Used Tariffs. If everyone just bought British stuff, your own people suffer so you gotta add tarrifs to protect the domestic industtry. Popularized by Friederich List

Friederich List

Wrote National System of Political Economy (1844) argued in favor of protective tariffs and rapid and large-scale program of industrialization to make a country strong

Second Industrial Revolution Technology (1870-1914)

1. Communication through Electricity (Morse Code by Samuel Morse)

2. Chemical Engineering, i.e Vulcanization rubber was now more durable

3. Railroads made trade faster, facilitated trade and commerce way faster and increased urbanization

4. Rise of the internal combustion engine for farming and transport which led to the automobile industry

5. Rise of Advertising Industry

6. Consumerism

Consumerism

economic ideology that encouraged mfs to buy goods and services. Advertising played a big role by encouraging mfs to buy stuff more

Zollverein Agreement

lower barriers of trade like tarrifs, united German States economically which was a factor that led to the later unification of Germany

Social Effect of Industrilzation

Created a “self conscious“ class because there was a clear class division of who did what kind of work. The Proletariat and Bourgeoise

Proletariat

Working Class, worked in factories, mines, dirty jobs, etc. “Blue Collar Jobs“

Urbanization

Process where mfs emigrated from rural to urban cities to find jobs.

Effect of Urbanization

Tenements (buildings with poor ventilation), crowding, really bad living conditions, hella disease like turboculosis, rise of mutual aid societes

Bourgeoise

“White Collar jobs“ (non physical) like lawyers, managament, medicine, intellectual jobs, teachers, physicians, government jobs , lived in suburbs. Formed philanthropic organizations to make schools, museums, and hospitals and formed societies like the Freemasons to help each other.

Social Changes in South and Eastern Europe from 1750-1850

Unlike Norh and Western Europes, they were NO social changes because they were slow to adopt

Nuclear Family

Family that did NOT include the extended family (so the parents and children)

Gender Roles during Industrilzation

Women did not have jobs and stayed in the kitchen making sandwiches and raised children (Cult of Domesticity)

Cult of Domesticity

social ideology in the 19th century that said that the ideal women was submissive, obedient, and bore children

Poor Law Act of 1834

Gave the government power to use tax money for relief

Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800

Britain passed these to outlaw associations of workers. FAILED trade unions formed anyways

Trade Unions

Associations that were formed by skilled workers in industries like mineral miners and cotton spinners. Purpose was to preserve their own worker’s position by limiting entry into their trade and to gain benefits from the employers.

Factory Act of 1833

Child under 9 can’t work in factor, must have 2 hours of schooling every day

Ten Hour Acts of 1847

limited hours people can work to 10. Didn’t really work cus mfs falsified documents cus they needed that money

New Developments in Industrialization

1. mass production → Assembly Lines, interchangeable parts

2. bessemmer process - mass produced steel

Mine Acts of 1842

prohibited underground work for all women and girls and boys under 10

conservatism

political belief that says that governments are stable when they uphold traditional and already established norms and cultural institutions.

Edmund Burke

big guy conservative. Authority and hierarchy is the natural order of the universe. People should be rules by a small elite group

Joseph de Maistre

conservative dude who was like WTF when French Revolution started killing mfs. Political authority must be rooted in religous and moral principles. Advocated for the return of monarchy

Congress System

Period of 50 years where Europe existed in the image of conservative rulers. This period was hella peaceful

Quadruple Alliance

Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain

Klemens von Metternich

Believed that powerful central governments will bring stability

Pinciple of legitimacy

to establish peace in Europe, you have to restore legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional insitutions

Principle of Intervention

states where there was a revolution could be invaded by great powers to restore legitimate monarchs to preserve the stability in Europe and maintian the status quo

Which country rejected the principle of Intervention?

Great Britain because they believed that they didn’t have the right to interfere the internal affairs of other countries

Carlsbad Decrees of 1819

Germany restricted liberal, nationalist, political organizations and newspapers

Two ideologies suppressed by conservatism?

liberalism and nationalism

What was the reaction toward the conservative order?

Liberal and nationalist revolts

Romanticism (1780-1850)

Characterized by

• emphasis on individualism

• supported by intuition, feelings, emotions

• medieval Gothic

• liked the past

• LOVED nature

• warmth, emotion, movement

• linked to nationalism

Who supported Romanticism?

Catholic Church, Protestants, and monarchs

Baroque

• Born in Italy

• replaced Mannerism

• Catholic AF in reaction to the Reformation

• detailed AF

• dramatic effects to increase emotions

• rich saturated, warm colors

Realism (1848-1900)

response to Romanticism, an artistic and intellectual movement that
- represented everyday life accurately
- choosing subjects from the working class or rural settings
- led to Naturalism

Naturalism

A literary and artistic movement closely related to Realism that sought to apply scientific principles to the study of human behavior, portraying life with an emphasis on the influence of environment and heredity

Impressionism (1865-1885)

light colors, visible brush strokes

Mannerism

Context: Reformation → made some people think about religion

• distorted/elongated figures

• violated rules of proportion to express intense suffering or emotion

• went against the Renaissance’s “order“

Rococo (1750 - 1800)

art movement characterized by

• warm pastel

• more asymmetrical

• emphasis on nature

• detailed

Neoclassicism (1700-1800)

art movement that

• was the biggest art movement in the Enlightnment

• direct response to Rococo

• simple, clarity

• symmetrical and order

• Greco and Roman influence

• themes of citizen, virtue, honor

Samuel Crompton

guy who made spinning mule, manufactured yarn in big amounts

Economic Liberalism

Believed in “lassiez-faire“ - government should not interfere with the economy and the natural forces like supply and deminad. People having economic liberty = good for society

Thomas Malthus

Wrote “Essay on the Principles of Population“ which said that when population increases exponentially butu food supply increases linearly, starvation will happen. This went against industrial growth. Economist Liberal, GOV SHOULD NOT INTERFERE

David Ricardo

Economic Liberal who wrote Principles of Political Economy (1817) developed the idea of “iron wages“ saying that increase population = increase workers = lower wages = MISERY and STARVATION which reduces the population and the cycle repeats. So he pretty much said RAISING WAGES AIN’T GONNA DO SHIT

Political Liberalism

• Gov should protect civil liberties like equality, freedom of speech, and no arbitrary arrest

• Religious Toleration

• Separation of church and state

• constitutional monarchy is good

• checks of balances

• LIMITED suffrage, fuck women and those who dent own land

John Stuart Mill

Liberalist who wrote On the Subjection of Women who supported women’s rights and wrote On Liberty where he wanted absolute freedom of speech that should be protected from government and censorship

1821 Greek Revolution

Greeks revolted against the Ottoman Turks and got help from France and Great Britain and Russia. Won. Legit the only successful revolt

Treaty of Adrianople 1829

Ended the 1821 Greek Revolution which established Greece as a independent kingdom

Charles Fourier

Proposed the ideas of phalansteries which were small model communities where everyone works together for mutual benefit. Woirk will be rotated so mfs don’t get bored.

Robert Owen

British dude who thought people would be good if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tried making one but did not work

Louis Blanc

French dude who wrote The Organization of Work where he said social problems could be solved by government assistance. Wanted to establish sate-funded workshops

Saint Simon

Combined Christian values and socialist utopianism whose ideal society had equality between men and women

Flora Tristan

Utopian Socialist who preached the need for the liberation of women. Wrote Worker’s Union. Wanted the absolute equality as the way to free the working class. She got ignored and criticized.

Utopian Socialism

Mfs would have ideal communities with power and wealth being distributed equally. It is Utopian because its pretty much impossible

Causes for Absolutism

1. Weakening of the Catholic Church (from the 30 Years war and the Reformation)

2. Weakening of the nobility through the making of big bureaucracies

Phillip II of Spain

Guy who united Iberia and kicked the Ottomans out of the Mediterranean (Battle of Lepanto)

Dutch Golden Age

1. Stable government, no absolutist like most of Europe

2. each province has a stadholder who was in charge of the army and maintaining order

3. Created the Dutch East India Company and Amsterdam became financial capital of the world = Netherlands rich AF

4. built hella ships and was main supplier of arms

5. religious tolerations except for JEWS

1609 Exchange Bank of Amsterdam and Amserdam Stock Exchange

Made Dutch hella rich because it gave them a bunch of trading profit

Mercantilism

• State driven system of economy that said that you need hella mineral wealth to have a favorable balance of trade

• led to conflicts between countries

• ship building, implementing protective tariffs, more exports than imports

• get hella colonies to get materials for the mother land

• THIS LED TO MORE DEMAND FOR NEW WORLD PRODUCTS = SLAVES = DEATH

Causes of Slave Trade

1. Consumerism, mfs wanted luxury goods like sugar and coffee

2. Plantation economy, cash crops to get hella profit and ya need labor for that

Effects of the Slave Trade

1. death and inhuman treatment of slaves

2. undermined local cottage industries because getting cheap shit from cheap labor

3. depopulation of some areas

4. violence in Africa by African Cheifs

Commercial Revolution

Economy shift, rise of Banks. Establishment of joint stock companies which are private companies and investors bought shares of that company

Price Revolution

Hella inflation for food and goods

Cause of Price Revolution

Influx of minerals from the New World

Effects of the Commercial Revolution

1. Rise of Serfs getting freedom

2. urban migration

3. people could buy their way to nobility (Nobility of the Robe)

Criticisms of the Church

1. Sale of Indulgences (from dudes like John Tetzel)

2. Simony, buying the sells of church offices

3. Pluralism, holding multiple church offices at the same time

4. Nepotism, putting high church position to your mom

Martin Luther

• Wrote 95 Theses which spread with the printing press which criticized the sale of indulgences

• Consubstantiation: the bread you ate was NOT actually Jesus

• Bible is the sole authority, not the church

• Priesthood of all believers, ya don’t need a priest to be saved

• No church hierarchy

• salvation through faith alone, NOT works

Diet of Worms

Emperor Charles V told Luther to recant but Luther did not. Charles V issued the Edict of Worms which said to burn Martin Luther’s teachings and shit

John Calvin

1. Predestination, from the moment you were born, God already decided who was saved and who wasn’t

2. Elect, mfs saved by God and those who could nose lose their salvation

3. Made a theocracy in Geneva

Columbian Exchange

1. Exchange of animals, food, and diseases

2. killed hella natives cus they have no immunity

3. Subjugated the natives

   1. encomienda, collect tribute and use natives as slaves

4. Encouraged population growth (potatoes) cus healthy

5. Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism

6. Economic Growth

Motives for Expoloration

1. Spread Christianity (mfs like Hernan Cortes like this)

2. Gain new trade routes cus those Ottoman sonuvabitches took control

3. Gold

4. Glory

New Monarchies

1. Monarchies gaining power, less power of nobles

2. Created bureaucracy to get money from taxes to give to the monarch

3. having loyal and paid army

4. used religion as a unifying force (i.e 1492 Spanish Inquisition)

5. created nobles of the robe (cool titles for their loyalty)

Jeremy Bentham

Liberal who developed “utilitarianism“ actions should be judged on the thing that gives the most happiness

Chartism

Radical British political movement of working men who wanted political democracy, universal male suffrage, payment for members of Parliament, elimination of property qualifications for Parliament mfs, and annual sessions of Parliament. Did NOTHING

July Ordinances (1830)

Charles X of France issued this which imposed censorship on the press, dissolved legislative assembly, and reduced the electorate. Led to the July Revolution

July Revolution

Liberals mad af that Charles was doing censorship and un-liberal stuff so they put barricades in France. Charles X fled and they put Louis-Phillipe as to the throne

ministerial responsibility

19th century tenet of liberalism that said that ministers of the monarch should be responsible to the legislative assembly instead of the monarch

French Revolution of 1848

Louis Philippe fled France and a new provisional government was established by a group of moderate and radical republicans that made a new constitutional. New government established Louis Blanc’s workshops (were closed down because too much unemployement)

Cause of the French Revolution of 1848

1. Severe industrial and agricultural depessiondepression

2. unemployement

3. government did not extend suffrage to the middle class

4. government was corrupt and riddled with scandals

Adolphe Thiers

Led radical republicans and socialists, hosted political banquets to call for reforms in the French Revolution of 1848.

German Revolution of 1848

mfs were inspired by the French Revolution in 1848 which made King Frederick William IV to promise to abolish censorship, create new constitution, and make a united Germany

Frankfurt Assembly

Purpose: fulfil what nationalist and liberals wanted, a constitution for a united Germany. Two opposing factions of Grossdeeutsch(Germany + Austria) and Kleindeutsch, Kleindustch won (did not include Austria). Frederick William IV refused the assembly’s offer of being emperor. Disbanded the asseblu. LIBERALS FAILED TO CREATE A GERMAN STATE.

Why did the Revolts of 1848 mostly fail?

1. Division between revolutionaries (i.e France: radicals vs. liberals, who wanted property and security)

2. Division among Nationalities (Especially in Austria)

Who paid for Northern Renaissance Art?

Monarchs, and wealthy merchants

Who paid for Italian Renaissance Art?

Church and aristocratic family

Italian Renaissance Subjects

1. Greco Roman (mythology and religion)

2. more individualism