AP World- Period 3 (1750-1900)

Proper nouns

American Revolution

colonial rebellion establishing the United States and promoting Enlightenment ideals (1775–1783)

French Revolution

overthrow of monarchy leading to radical social and political change (1789–1799)

Haitian Revolution

successful slave uprising establishing Haiti as first Black republic (1791–1804)

Latin American Revolutions

revolutions led by creoles to gain independence from European powers (early 1800s)

Enlightenment

movement promoting reason, natural rights, and questioning authority

Nationalism

belief that people with shared identity should form independent nations

Simón Bolívar

key revolutionary leader who helped liberate parts of South America

Industrial Revolution

shift to machine-based production increasing output and urbanization (c. 1750–1900)

Capitalism

system where private individuals own production for profit

Socialism

system advocating government control of resources to reduce inequality

Urbanization

movement of people from rural areas to cities due to industrial jobs

Proletariat

industrial laborers who sell their labor for wages

Bourgeoisie

owners of capital benefiting from industrialization

Labor Unions

groups formed to improve wages and working condition

John Locke

promoted natural rights and government by consent influencing revolutions

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

argued for popular sovereignty and general will

Reign of Terror

radical phase using violence to suppress opposition (1793–1794)

Napoleon Bonaparte

spread revolutionary ideals through conquest while establishing authoritarian rule

Toussaint Louverture

led enslaved people to independence in Haiti

Liberalism

belief in individual rights, democracy, and free markets

Conservatism

desire to maintain traditional institutions and resist change

Adam Smith

advocated free-market capitalism in The Wealth of Nations (1776)

Karl Marx

criticized capitalism and proposed class struggle leading to communism

Second Industrial Revolution

expansion of industry with steel, electricity, and chemicals (late 1800s)

Mass Production

large-scale production of goods lowering costs and increasing supply

Social Darwinism

belief that competition determines success used to justify inequality and imperialism

Feminism

advocacy for women’s rights including suffrage and equality

Child Labor

employment of children in factories highlighting poor working condition