Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution Review

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers key figures, events, and concepts from the English Reformation, the Catholic Counter-Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution based on the Topic $$10$$ review sheet.

Henry VIII

A political protestant who sought power and independence from Rome; he was declared the supreme head on earth of the Church of England.

Act of Supremacy ($1534$)

The act that declared the king to be the supreme head on earth of the Church of England and finalized the break with Rome.

Dissolution of Monasteries

The closing of all English monasteries and convents by Henry VIII to seize their lands and wealth to fund his military.

Edward VI

Henry VIII's successor under whose reign England moved toward genuine Protestantism and introduced the Book of Common Prayer.

Book of Common Prayer

A religious book introduced during the reign of Edward VI as England moved toward genuine Protestantism.

Mary Tudor

Successor nicknamed "Bloody Mary" for executing hundreds of Protestants in her attempt to restore Catholicism by force.

Elizabeth I

Successor who established the Elizabethan settlement to stabilize the country by retaining some Catholic traditions in the Protestant church.

Elizabethan Settlement

An arrangement that established that the Protestant church retained some Catholic traditions, which helped stabilize England.

Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)

A movement whose goals were to revive the moral authority of the Church, end clergy corruption, and roll back the tide of Protestantism.

Pope Paul III

Leader who began the Catholic Reformation to revive the moral authority of the church and end corruption within the clergy.

Council of Trent

A council with two goals: to define and reaffirm traditional Catholic faith and works, and to reform church abuses like indulgences.

Inquisition

The institution empowered by the Church to root out heresy and used to suppress scientific work that contradicted scripture.

Geocentric Model

The "old view" of the world where the sun, moon, and planets revolved around a stationary Earth.

Heliocentric Model

A theory proposing that the Earth and other planets revolve around the sun.

Nicolaus Copernicus

The scholar who developed the mathematical model of the heliocentric theory.

Galileo Galilei

Scientist who used the improved telescope to observe the moon's surface and Jupiter's moons to provide evidence for the heliocentric model.

Scientific Method

A $6$-step process: $1$. State a problem, $2$. Formulate a hypothesis, $3$. Design experiment, $4$. Collect data, $5$. Analyze data, $6$. Draw conclusion.

Francis Bacon

Scholar who provided reasoning and the experimental method to show that the heliocentric method was true.

Rene Descartes

Scholar who developed analytical geometry and relied on mathematics and logic to find truth.

Humanism

A product of the Renaissance that inspired individuals to be critical of religion and science.

Skepticism

A product of the Renaissance that contributed to the Scientific Revolution by encouraging the questioning of traditional beliefs.

Vernacular

Everyday language used in Renaissance literary works, marking a shift toward human abilities rather than religion.