History final

Beduines:

Beduines were nomadic travelers that lived in the Middle East and over hundreds of years Nomads started to form clans around oasis’s in 600-700. They would protect each other and thought of each other as families. (Eventually grew to empire)

Muhammad:

Muhammad was the “Last” believed prophet under god. He was born in 570 Mecca. He was the founder of the religion Islam and was the one who changed the idols of the Ka’aba and was a messenger of god. (Died, 632)

Ka’aba:

Is a cube shaped building at the center of Mecca holding the only idol of god. Before Muhammad the Kaaba held many idols. (Obviously not very monothestic). It is seen as one of the holiest places on earth

Khadija: 

Was Muhammads first ever wife and was a powerful businesses women that Muhammad worked under. They later got married and she was one of Muhammads first converts. 

Allah:

Allah is the only Islamic god. His name translated loosely to English means the one god. Islam believed he was the only god ever. (Same god as Judaism and christianity)

Hijra:

After Muhammad started to convert followers people hated him because it changed the ways they’d believed in. (Also drove away sales) so Muhammad left Mecca and went to the city of Mecca this journey where he started to convert people is called the hijra.

Quran:

The ancient book that all Muslims are required to read and has all the teachings of Muhammad.

Monotheistic: 

Person who Believes in one god 

mosque:

A mosque is an Islamic place of worship where Muslims gather for prayer. (Most notable being the Kaaba)

Ramadan:

Ramadan is a whole month of fasting when the sun is out and eating at night or before sunrise. This is a way for muslims to get closer to god and is a spiritual practice that has gone on for over a century. (Falls on feb of the Gregorian calendar)

People of the Book:

This term in Islam refers to other monothestic religions with divine scriptures. (Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians)

Hajj: 

This is the journey that every muslim is required to take where they travel to the Kaaba once in lifetime to pray to it and Allah.

Mecca:

The biggest and wealthiest city in the ancient Middle East. Because of its amazing location for travel routes along with its home to the birth place of Muhammad and the Kaaba. Which many tourists wanted to visit.

Medina(Yuhtrib):

Medina was the place Muhamad had ended up after the Hijra and this is where Muhammad had gained lots of converts and followers.

Sharia:

These are the basic laws that Muslims should follow that derive directly from the Qur’an. Along with these laws help enforce to live a life close to Allah.

Caliph:

Were the rulers after Muhammads death. These caliph were always in some way close to Muhammad or somehow related. These people led the Muslims until (661) when the last of the rightly guided caliphs got assassinated. (Order: Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali) 

Battle of Tours:

The Battle of Tours was a 732 AD battle where the Frankish army, led by Charles Martel, defeated an invading Muslim army, halting the Umayyad Caliphate's expansion into Western Europe and helping to preserve Christianity in the region.

Sunni:

The biggest group of Muslims that believed that leaders after Muhammad should have been elected by how good they actually were. They still believed in the choices of the first 4 caliphs and thought Abu-Bakr was an extremely good leader. And also wanted to preserve the life of Muhammad

Shi’a:

An ancient Islamic group that believed after Muhammad leaders should have been elected through pure blood relations of Muhammad. (Ali should have been elected after Ali

Sufi:

The group that refused and chose to live a poor lifestyle rather then a luxurious lifestyle because it made them depend on god more which was important because Sufi wanted to be as close to Allah as possible.

Whirling Dervishes:

A whirling dervish is a Sufi mystic whose ritual practice involves a continuous, stylized spinning dance as a form of physically active meditation and spiritual worship

Ummayads 

After the assassination of Ali the Umayyad family came to power and set up a heritdary system. Moved the capital to a city called Damascus (Syria). They had also left the simple life of the other rulers and lived luxurious lifestyles. (From: 661-750) they were eventually all murdered.

Abbassids:

Were the group that murdered the whole Umayyad family and took power. (Weren’t able to kill Abd al Rahman I) Abbassi’s moved the capital to Baghdad in central Iraq. (Baghdad was also a circle city)

Minaret:

A minaret is a tall, slender tower attached to a mosque and also has arabic prayer written on it.

Muezzin:

A muezzin is the person who calls Muslims to prayer from the minaret (tower) of a mosque, five times a day

Crusades:

The Crusades were a series of religiously-motivated European military campaigns from the 11th to the 13th centuries to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control. Initiated by the Pope. (These were some of the most deadly battles in all of human history)

Sakk:

was a type of cheque Muslims used for trades and important financial deals.

Calligraphy:

The style of art most muslims used because muslims often aren’t allowed to depict life or Allah in artwork. So they draw many little symbols or phrases to make one big image.

Arabesque:

an intricate, flowing design of interconnected geometric or foliage patterns often found in islamic art of architecture. 

The Thousand and One Nights (Scherezade):

Was an islamic story about a Muslim Princess who was going to be killed by her king but was able to tell a cliff hanger of a fairy tell every night so the king would keep her alive. (she evtnaully becomes the queen)

al-khwarizimi:

He was a famous mathematician of the 9th century that created the base of algebra. (Also studied astrology and geography)

al-jabr:

It refers to the mathematical operation of adding a term to both sides of an equation to eliminate negative quantities. (established by al-khwarizmi in his book)

Sikhism:

Sikhism is a monotheistic religion from the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent.

Differences Between Hindus and Muslims:

-Muslims are monotheistic and follow the Sharia law 

-hindus are polytheistic and follow the Dharma law 

Akbar: 

Means greatest and is often used in the phrase “Allah Akbar” which means god is great and divine.

Taj Mahal: 

The Taj Mahal is a white marble mausoleum in Agra, India, built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in the 17th century as a tomb for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal.

Angel Gabriel:

Angel Gabriel was the angel that talked to Muhammad in the cave and told him to recite the words of god. Gabriel was a messenger.

Islam:

Islam is a monotheistic religion based on the belief in one God (Allah) and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad.

Surah:

A "surah" is a chapter of the Quran

The five pillars of Islam:

Faith-Having complete faith in Allah

Alms-giving a portion of ones wealth (2.5%) to the less fortunate

Prayer-Muslims must pray 5 times a day

Fasting-Must fast on the month of ramadan

Hajj-The pilgrimage each muslim must take once in a lifetime to the Kaaba

Tariq: 

Tariq ibn Ziyad, a Berber Muslim commander who led the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula (modern-day Spain and Portugal) in 711 A.D

al-andalus:

Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled territory of the Iberian Peninsula, including modern-day Spain and Portugal, from the 8th to the 15th century.

Fatimid Dynasty:

The Fatimid dynasty was

a Shia Islamic caliphate that ruled across North Africa, Sicily, and parts of the Middle East from 909 to 1171 CE

The compressive book: 

Published in 980 and was medical book written by al-razi that had medical knowledge of greek, Syrian, and muslims.

Alhazen:

In simple Islamic terms, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) was

a Muslim scholar, guided by religious principles to seek knowledge, who became a foundational figure in optics.

Ibn-Rushd:

a scholar who believed that Greek philosophy and Islam could be reconciled, arguing that reason and revelation were compatible and that philosophical study was compatible with religious law.

Maimonides:

Maimonides was a Jewish philosopher, physician, and jurist named Musa ibn Maimun who lived under Islamic rule

Islam means:

submission to the will of Allah

how Abu bakr was related to Muhammad 

very close friends 

how Umar was related to Muhammad

father and law+close companion

how uthman was related to Muhammad

Uthman was related by marriage of two of Muhammads daughters. (One of them was 9) -sussy 

how was Ali related to muhammad

cousin. (They prolly kissed)

a struggle in gods service

Jihad

Author of the Rubaiyat 

Omar Khyaam

wrote canon of medicine 

Avicenna

Charles V:

One of the most powerful rulers in Europe during the 1500’s because he controlled a huge Hapsburg empire. He spent much of his rain fighting to keep Europe catholic, but Protestantism continued to spread throughout the Holy Roman Empire before retiring Charles V gave half his empire to his son Phillip II and half of his power to his brother Ferdinand II.

Hapsburg family split:

After Charles V distributed his power this created two separate lineages of Hapsburgs. One lineage was based in Spain and this was under his son king Phillip II’s rule, while the other Hapsburg lineage was based in Austria under the rule of Ferdinand II .

Phillip II:

Phillip II was a powerful king who strongly supported Catholicism and expanded Spanish influence. He became famous for when he lost the Spanish Armada which marked the decline of Spanish dominance in Europe

Escorial:

Center of Phillip II”s government and showed the strength of Spain and the catholic church. This building was built 28 miles away from present day Madrid and it reflected Phillips strict, religious personality and power of the Spanish Hapsburgs.

Absolute Monarch:

An absolute monarch had complete control over the state and believed they were chosen by god to rule. Louis XIV is the greatest example of this.

Divine rights of kings:

Was the idea that monarchs were chosen by god to rule, this belief helped monarchs gain and keep total power in Europe.

Sea Beggars:

Dutch protestant rebels who fought against Spanish in the Netherlands, they supported the Dutch revolt against Philip and the Spanish Hapsburgs. And helped Dutch and Netherlands gain independence from Spain.

Sea Dogs;

Were English sailors/privateers who raided Spanish ships during the rivalry between England and Spain. They helped England challenge Spanish at sea and the sea dogs were led by Queen Elizabeth I.

Spanish Armada:

huge Spanish fleet sent by Phillip II to invade England. Spain wanted to overthrow protestant Queen Elizabeth I and restore catholicism. This attempt failed and marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish power and the rise of England as a major naval power.

Protestant WInd:

Refers to the strong storms that helped England defeat the Spanish armada. Many people believed the victory showed how god supported Protestant England over Catholic Spain.

El Greco:

was a spanish renaissance painter known for emotional religious artworks and unique painting style. His work reflected the strong catholic culture of Spain.

Lope de Vaga:

Was an important Spanish playwright whose writings became a major part of Spains golden age culture. He helped shape Spanish literature ad theater with hundreds of popular plays.

Miguel de Cervantes:

Spanish authorities who wrote Don Quixote which helped shape modern European literature.

Don Quixote:

Book written by Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes that makes fun of medieval nights and chivalry.

St Bartholomew’s day Massacre:

Mass killing of French protestants (Huguenots) that took place in Paris and spread across France. Thousands of hugouents were killed by catholics and increased hatred and conflict between catholics and protestants only grew.

Huguenot:

French protestant that were severely persecuted from catholics in France, caused years of violence and civil war.

Edict of Nantes:

Issued by Henry IV of France and granted religious freedom to Huguenots. Which granted Huguenots freedom to worship and hold public office in some places.

Herny VI:

Was the first of his house, Bourbon and was originally a huegenot and converted to catholicism to gain support and become king. Helped end the French wars of religion and restore stability to France by strengthening the economy.

Cardinal Richelieu:

Chief minister to Louis XIII of France was was a shitty ruler. He weakened the power of nobles and huegonots and increased centralized government control in France. Involved France in the thirty years war against the Hapsburgs. And changed the country of France in 2 main ways:

1. He made it so Protestant cities didn’t have walls

2. He limited Spanish Hapsburg rule by initiating the thirty years war.

Cardinal Jules Mazarin:

Chief minister after Richelieu and advisor to young Louis XIV. Continoud Richelius policies of strengthening royal power and helped France win the thirty years war.

The Fronde:

A rebellion by French nobles against the monarch and cardinal Mazarin. Its failure made Louis XIV control nobles closely and strengthen the absolute monarch role even more.

“L’etat c’est moi” = I am the state was said by…

Quote said by Louis XIV that represents belief that the monarch and the government were basically the same thing, and became a symbol of Louis XIV’s absolute power

Versailles:

Huge palace built by Louis XIV near Paris, Louis moved the royal court there and the extremely luxurious palace let Louis XIV control nobles by making everything a popularity contest.

Louis XIV:

Ruled france for over 70 years and became the most famous absolute monarch in European history. He strengthened royal authority, weakened nobles, and made France a major European power although his spending later hurt the economy.

The Sun king:

The nickname for Louis XIV and reflected his belief in absolute monarchy. The title showed how powerful and dominant he wanted France and Europe to see him.

Levee:

was a part of Louis XIV’s strategy to keep nobles focused in pleasing him instead of gaining political power. It was a daily ceremony where Louis XIV woke up and got dressed infant of nobles.

Jean Baptiste Colbert:

Finance minister under Louis XIV who supported mercantilism to strengthen France’s economy. He reduced imports and increased exports to bring wealth into France.

Jean Racine:

Was of of the greatest French playwrights French classical theater. His works reflected the cultural strength and sophistication of France during the age of Louis XIV.

Moliere:

France’s greatest comedic playwright and used humor to criticize society and hypocrisy. Known for plays like Tartuttle and The Miser.

Balance of Power:

A major principle European politics where countries worked together to stop any nation from becoming to dominant.

The War of Spanish Succession:

War fought after the Spanish king died without an heir. France supported Philip V, grandson of Louis XIV, England, Austria, and other countries fought to maintain the balance of power so France and Spain woildn’t unite the Bourborns lineages. As a result the treaty of Utrecht was formed and Philip V got the throne.

“After us the deluge” = Apres Nous le deluge

said by Louis XV which means future problems did not matter as long as life was good in the present.

The Stuarts:

Royal dynasty that struggled against Parliament for control of England, their belief in absolute monarchy led to major political conflict and war.

James I:

First Stuart king of England and believed strongly in divine rights of kings, this conflict with parliament helped create tensions that later led to the English civil war

Charles I;

Son of James I and Stuart king of England, believed in divine right and absolute monarchy, frequently clashed with parliament over taxes and power, he tried to rule without Parliament but eventually was defeated by Parliaments forces and executed.

Petition of Right:

Document signed by Charles I and Parliament demanded limits on the kings power. Said the king could not raise taxes without parliaments approval, protected citizens from unlawful impriosnament and challenged the idea of an absolute monarchy in England.

Long Parliament:

Parliament called by Charles I that tried to limit the kings power and increase Parliaments authority.

Cavalier:

Supporters of King Charles I during the English civil war, many nobles and wealthy people. Eventually defeated by Parliaments new model army.

Roundhead:

Supported parliament and wanted to limit the kings power. There victory over Charles I helped increase the power of parliament in England.

Oliver Cromwell:

Leader of the roundheads who helped parliament defeat Charles I during the English civil war. He eventually ruled England with strong, absolute monarchy himself.

New Model Army:

Was parliaments highly organized military force that defeated the kings army. Its success helped e d the power struggle in favor of parliament.

The Common Wealth:

Period where England was ruled without a monarch after the English civil war. Although it began as a public, Cromwell eventually ruled with strong military authority.

Levellers:

Were a reform group that pushed for more political equality and right for ordinary people in England. There ideas later influenced many democratic movements.

Puritans:

Strict English protestants. They played a major role in the English civil and and the rise of parliaments power.

Lord Protector:

Tittle Oliver Cromwell gave himself, even though Cromwell ruled with absolute power similar to the kings and didn’t care about his citizens that much.