Psychiatric Conditions Exam 3 MNT2

The human brain weighs approximately ________

3 lb

Neurons are the nerve cells that transmit electrochemical signals via ________ and _____

Axons, dendrites

Neurons represent the ________ matter of the brain

Gray

Dendrites and axons represent the ________ matter of the brain

White

The largest part of the brain is the ________, which is divided into two halves that are divided into four ____

Cerebrum, lobes

The lobes responsible for speech, thought, learning, movement, and emotion are the ________ lobes

Frontal

Sensory information is processed in the ________ lobes

Parietal

The lobe of the brain primarily responsible for vision is the ________ lobe

Occipital

Hearing and memory are the primary functions of the ________ lobes

Temporal

The human brain is composed of ________% fat

80

The composition of neuronal cell membrane phospholipids reflects ________ intake

Dietary

Transmission in the brain is influenced by the ratio of ________ to omega-3 fatty acids

Omega-6

Essential fatty acids are involved in the synthesis and functions of ________

Neurotransmitters

A neurotransmitter synthesized from fatty acids starting with S is ________

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter synthesized from fatty acids starting with A is ________

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter synthesized from fatty acids starting with D is ________

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter synthesized from fatty acids starting with N is ________

Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter synthesized from fatty acids starting with E is ________

Epinephrine

A neurotransmitter synthesized from fatty acids starting with G is ________

Glutamate

The ________ nervous system functions autonomously and contains ____ million neurons

Enteric, 100

The enteric nervous system contains more neurons than the ________

Spinal cord

The enteric nervous system controls ________, nutrient sensing, ____ signaling, and _____ responses

Peristalsis, satiety, immune

Major neurotransmitters involved in signaling between the gut and brain include _______, ________, and ______

Serotonin, acetylcholine, norepinephrine

Signaling between the gut and brain is ________

Bidirectional

Brain activity and behavior are influenced by gut ________ and their by-products

Bacteria

Increased intestinal permeability is commonly referred to as ________

Leaky gut

Fluctuations in blood glucose that impact mood are described as an emotional ________

Sugar roller coaster

Foods rich in ________ raise serotonin levels in the brain, causing a soothing effect

Carbohydrates

To protect against mood disturbances, a diet should provide 45% to 65% of total kcal from ________

Whole grains

In addition to whole grains, healthy glucose levels are maintained by fiber-rich ________ and ______

Vegetables, fruit

A ________ diet improves a person's overall state of well-being

Balanced

Nutrition maintains the ________ and function of neurons and brain centers

Structure

The type of fat preferred by the brain and nervous system is ________ fatty acids

Omega-3

Research links the fatty acids ________ and _____ to various psychiatric conditions

EPA, DHA

The omega-3 fatty acid found in flax, canola oil, soybeans, perilla, nut oils, and nuts is ________

Alpha linolenic acid (ALA)

ALA inhibits the ________ process

Inflammatory

ALA functions as a ________ for EPA and DHA

Precursor

The fatty acids EPA and DHA are primarily found in ________

Fish

The precursor for inflammatory mediators is ________ acid

Arachidonic

The fatty acid ________ is used as an adjunctive therapy for _____ and is important for general health

EPA, depression

EPA works more effectively when it is ingested with ________

DHA

The brain’s preferred structural fatty acid is ________

DHA

DHA is required for normal brain ____, _____, and ________

growth, development, Maturation

DHA is needed for development, _____ function, ____, and neuronal ________

cognitive, vision, Communication

Memory, learning, and processing speed are impaired when ________ levels are low

DHA

Primary sources for EPA and DHA are oily ________

Fish

During pregnancy, omega-3s are recommended for ____ brain development and to treat ________

fetal, Depression

In childhood, omega-3s are a possible treatment for _____, ________, and _____

depression, ADHD, ADD

In adulthood, omega-3s are used for _____, ________, and _____

depression, Bipolar, schizophrenia

In adulthood, omega-3s help maintain ________ function

Cognitive

A 1000 mg fish oil supplement typically contains ________ mg of EPA

180

A 1000 mg fish oil supplement typically contains ________ mg of DHA

120

Therapeutic effects for omega-3s are seen around ________ mg each of EPA and DHA

400

ISSFAL recommends a combined daily intake of ________ mg of EPA and DHA

500

When choosing supplements, one should read the label for dosage and potential ________

Contaminants

The vitamin deficiency associated with Wernicke encephalopathy is ________

Thiamin

A deficiency in ________ reduces the metabolism of other B vitamins

Riboflavin

The deficiency of ________ causes Pellagra and may have a therapeutic effect on Alzheimer’s

Niacin

Vitamin ________ deficiency is associated with mental symptoms and drug-nutrient interactions

B12

A deficiency in ________ is associated with depression, cognitive decline, and dementia

Folate

Vitamin ________ deficiency is associated with mood disorders

D

Poor brain myelination and defects in memory and learning are caused by ________ deficiency

Iron

Adverse mood and depression are linked to a deficiency in the mineral ________

Selenium

The mineral that impacts Alzheimer’s and ADHD and can reduce depression symptoms is ________

Zinc

The building blocks of neurotransmitters and antioxidants are ________

Amino acids

The three subclasses of flavonoids are ______, ________, and _____

Flavanols, anthocyanins, flavanones

Flavonoids protect and preserve ____ structure and ________

Brain cell, Metabolism

Phytochemicals that have antioxidant and nutrigenomic effects on the brain include o____, g____, t____, o____, s____, r____, and g____

onion, ginger, turmeric, oregano,, sage, rosemary, garlic

The persistent, compulsive use of a harmful substance known to be physically, psychologically, or socially harmful is called ________

Addiction

Three neurotransmitters involved in addiction are _____, _____, and ________

dopamine, serotonin, glutamate

Alcohol abuse is associated with deficiencies in _____ and ________, malnutrition, ____ symptoms, ____ disease, cardiomyopathy, and ____

thiamin, magnesium, GI, liver, neuropathy

Medical management of alcohol addiction includes supplementation of ____ and ________

Magnesium, Thiamin

MNT for addiction includes B vitamins, minerals, amino acids, omega-3s, and support for ________ function

Digestive

Heightened emotional, somatic, and neurologic symptoms triggered by specific circumstances define ________

Anxiety

Anxiety has a clear ________ component

Genetic

Pharmacotherapy for anxiety includes benzodiazepines, ________, and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

SSRIs

MNT for anxiety focuses on maintaining ________ control

Glycemic

Nutrients to check in anxiety include Vitamin D, B vitamins, and ________

Magnesium

MNT for anxiety may include ________ foods containing probiotics

Fermented

Lifestyle interventions for anxiety include exercise, a diet rich in fruits/vegetables, meditation, mindfulness, and ________

Yoga

Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of ________ alternating with episodes of depression

Mania

Bipolar mania symptoms can range from excitable and productive to ________

Erratic

During the depression phase of bipolar disorder, 25% to ________% of individuals attempt suicide

50

Pharmacotherapy for bipolar includes ________, benzodiazepines, and antipsychotics

Lithium

MNT for bipolar disorder requires a stable, moderate ________ intake

Salt

Lithium and ________ have similar chemical binding

Sodium

Side effects of Lithium include weight gain, thirst, nausea, vomiting, and ________

Diarrhea

Excess ________ is a mineral associated with bipolar disorder

Iron

Bipolar patients should be evaluated for the presence of ________ disease or gluten sensitivity

Celiac

The "4 A's" of Alzheimer’s are amnesia, aphasia, ________, and agnosia

Apraxia

The loss of memory is called ________

Amnesia

The impairment of language is called ________

Aphasia

The loss of voluntary motor planning is called ________

Apraxia

The inability to recognize sensory input is called ________

Agnosia

Vascular disease is treated with aspirin and ________ lowering medications

Blood pressure (BP)

Vascular disease medical management includes aspirin, ________, and BP lowering

Cholesterol

Alzheimer’s medications include memantine and ________ inhibitors

Acetylcholinesterase

Medical management of Alzheimer's involves managing diabetes and ________ resistance

Insulin

The diet shown to substantially slow cognitive decline with aging is the ________ diet

MIND

MIND stands for Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for ________

Neurodegenerative Delay