US History Honors Final

North

Had industry, railroads, telegraph wires, canals, industrial workforce, immigration, education, abolitionists, religious leaders against slavery

South

Had rural, plantations, “King Cotton”, slavery, cavalier society, many religious leaders endorsed slavery

Southern culture

genteel (stylish, polite, respectable, upper class), cavalier (chivalry, gallantry, heroism), southern belle, southern gentleman, southern hospitality

Wilmot Proviso

proposed banning slavery in territory taken from Mexico; supported by south, opposed by north (south cited that slaves were considered property and were therefore protected under the constitution)

Compromise of 1850

California would be admitted as a free state, New Mexico and Utah would be given popular sovereignty, stricter fugitive slave laws, slave trade banned in D.C.

Henry Clay

created the compromise of 1850; “great compromiser”

Millard Fillmore

VP to taylor and succeeded him; against slavery but believed it was not a government decision to end it; supported the Compromise of 1850

Fugitive Slave Act

 escaped slaves were denied trial by jury; people were incentivized with cash to return slaves; large fine for harboring or helping fugitive slaves; in retaliation 9 northern states passed Personal Liberty Laws forbidding imprisonment and guaranteeing trials

Anthony Burns

escaped slave who was forced back into slavery; his case enraged northerners and increased abolitionist sentiment

12 Years a Slave

 book by Solomon Northup detailing his kidnapping and captivity

Underground Railroad

Network of people who aided and transported escaped slaves in their pursuit of freedom 

Harriet Tubman

One of the most notable conductors on the underground railroad; got the nickname “moses”

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Book by Harriet Beecher Stowe that depicted the horrors of slavery and increased abolitionist sentiment

Kansas Nebraska Act

Territory would be divided into two separate territories and the issue of slavery in them would be decided by popular sovereignty (repealed the Missouri compromise)

Pottawatomie Massacre

John Brown and his men pulled 5 pro slavery men out of their beds, chopped off their hands, and stabbed them with swords

Border Ruffians

either pro or anti slavery advocates that immediately flooded the borders of Kansas to establish it as a free or slave state and voted in a fraudulent election that established a pro slavery government in Lecompton, KS

Bleeding Kansas

what Kansas was known as after it became a violent battlefield between pro and anti slavery advocates

Sumner-Brooks Affair

political debate between between preston brooks (SC) and Charles Sumner (MA) led to Brooks beating Sumner with a cane after Sumner gave an anti slavery speech and verbally attacked Brooks uncle 

Franklin Pierce

New Hampshire democrat that won the election of 1852

Know-Nothings

nativist political party

Irish Immigration

Massive wave came to the US during the potato famine; they were poor and catholic, and were blamed for crime, disease, prostitution, and alcohol abuse

Dred Scott Case

Slave that was returned to his owner after living in a free state; sued for freedom and made it to the SCOTUS where he was denied his freedom

Lincoln/Douglas Debates

series of 7 debates between Democrat Stephen Douglas and and Republican Abraham Lincoln 

John Brown

Abolitionist that lead the Potowattomie Massacre and Harpers Ferry

Harper’s Ferry

a raid led by John Brown to seize weapons and arm slaves to start and insurrection which led to John Brown being captured 

Election of 1860

won by Lincoln and caused the confederacy to form

Abraham Lincoln

16th president of the united states; his election caused the confederacy to form

The Confederacy

Mostly made up of southern states after Lincoln won the election

Jefferson Davis

president of the confederacy 

16th amendment

legalized a graduate federal income tax

17th amendment

permitted the popular election of senators

18th amendment

ban on alcohol

19th amendment

granted women's suffrage

21st amendment

ended prohibition

YMCA

Young Men’s Christian Association; promoted health and wellness and established recreational facilities and libraries

Salvation Army

set up soup kitchens, cared for children, and helped immigrants

Hull House

provided services for immigrants, day care, job training, english lessons, and cooking

Temperance

the practice of not drinking alcohol

18th Amendment/Prohibition

the banning of alcoholic beverages

Carry Nation

used a hatchet to destroy liquor bottles in saloons

Muckrakers

journalists who sought to expose corruption in politics and businesses

Ida Tarbell

muckraker who exposed the practices of Rockefeller and Standard Oil

Socialism

political and economic system in which most forms of economically valuable property and resources are controlled or owned by the public or state

Child Labor

National child labor committee gathered evidence of harsh child labor conditions and pressed the government to ban or cut down hours but the supreme court struck it down

Suffrage

women's right to vote; National American Women suffrage association formed to fight for women's right to vote

Alice Paul

suffragist who engaged in a variety of protest methods like picketing and hunger strikes

Susan B. Anthony

suffragist who helped found NAWSA

Theodore Roosevelt

became president after president McKinley died and captivated the people with his bold personality and used his authority to influence the news media and legislation

TR’s Square Deal

“I shall see to it that every man has a square deal, no less and no more”; control of corporations, consumer protection, conservation of natural resources

Sherman Antitrust Act

passed by Roosevelt to prohibit monopolies

Clayton Antitrust Act

strengthened the Sherman antitrust act by aiming to eliminate monopolies and price fixing by prohibiting anti competitive practices 

The Jungle

book written by Upton Sinclair that exposed harsh working conditions and unsanitary packing conditions in the meat packing industry

Meat Inspection Act

dictated sanitary requirements and created federal meat inspection programs

Pure Food and Drug Act

halted the sale of contaminated food and medicine and required truth in labeling

John Muir

naturalist and writer who influenced Roosevelt in the area of conservation

Booker T. Washington

former slave who founded the Tuskegee School which was an all black school that trained teachers

W.E.B. Du Bois

Civil rights activist who helped form the NAACP who advocated for political action and a civil rights agenda

NAACP

National Association for the advancement of colored people; goal was full equality among races

William McKinley

expansionist; tariffs on Hawaii

Theodore Roosevelt

created the roosevelt corollary

US Imperialism

caused by military (naval power and territory), economy (raw materials and markets) and ideology (cultural superiority, manifest destiny, american exceptionalism, and nationalism)

Panama Canal

The US engineered a panamanian rebellion and promised them independence so they would break away from Columbia, and in return the Panamanians gave the US the right to build a canal

USS Maine

US ship that blew up while in Cuba, killing 260 americans; Spanish were blamed which led to congress declaring war on spain

Spanish-American War

there was war fever against the Spanish because the American public Cuban freedom and after the USS Maine and the De Lome Letter which criticized McKinley the US declared war; “Splendid Little war”

Philippines

Spanish colony where the first battle of the SAW took place where Filipino rebels joined US forces to push out the Spanish and then looked to the US as liberators

Annexation of Hawaii

Hawaii was ruled by queen Liliokalani but when she began to threaten the power of white landowners she was replaced and then Hawaii was annexed

Yellow Journalism

type of journalism that emphasizes exaggeration in headlines

MAIN causes of WWI

• Militarism (building up armed forces: Germany had the strongest army) 

• Alliances (agreements or promises to help defend other countries; triple entente/allies - britain, france, russia, US, italy; central powers - germany, Austria Hungary, italy, ottomans, and bulgarians)

• Imperialism - trying to build up an empire (Germany industrialized and competed with france and britain for colonies

• Nationalism - devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation

Side effects of WWI

bloodiest war; germany had to assume responsibility; league of nations; new nations

Reasons for US Entry

strong economic ties to the allies; lusitania/unrestricted submarine warfare; zimmerman telegram (proposal to mexico from germany to attack US and take texas, new mexico and arizona

Woodrow Wilson/14 Points

end to secret treaties, freedom of the sea, free trade reduction of armies/navies, adjusting claims to colonies, being fair to colonized people, and encouraged self determination

Total War

all of the nation's people and resources are devoted to the war effort

Conscription

being drafted to serve in the military

Propaganda

spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage an opposing cause

Rationing

only being able to buy a small quantity of a certain goodo

Espionage and Sedition Acts