Organic synthesis

What reagents and conditions do you need to convert a primary alcohols into an aldehyde?

Reagents:

• Acidified potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) (OR sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate).

Conditions:

• Heat.

• Carry out in distillation kit.

What reagents and conditions do you need to make a primary alcohol from an aldehyde?

Reagents:

• Sodium borohydride (NaBH₄).

Conditions:

• Dissolved in methanol and water.

What reagents and conditions do you need to convert an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid?

Reagents:

• Acidified potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) (OR sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate).

Conditions:

• Reflux.

What reagents and conditions do you need to convert a secondary alcohol to a ketone?

Reagents:

• Acidified potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) (OR sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate).

Conditions:

• Reflux.

What reagents and conditions do you need to convert a ketone into a secondary alcohol?

Reagents:

• Sodium borohydride (NaBH₄).

Conditions:

• Dissolved in methanol and water.

What reagents and conditions do you need to convert an alcohol into an alkene?

Reagents:

• Concentrated sulfuric acid/ concentrated phosphoric acid.

Conditions:

• Heat.

What reagents and conditions do you need to convert an alkene into an alcohol?

Reagents:

• Phosphoric acid catalyst.

Conditions:

• Steam.

• 60 atm pressure.

• 300 degrees celsius temperature.

What reagents and conditions are needed to convert an alcohol into a halogenoalkane?

Reagents:

• Sodium halide.

• Sulfuric acid catalyst.

Conditions:

• 20 degrees celsius.

What reagents and conditions are needed to convert a halogenoalkane into an alcohol?

Reagents:

• Sodium hydroxide.

• Water.

Conditions:

• Sodium hydroxide is warm.

• Reflux.

What reagents and conditions are needed to convert an alkane into a halogenoalkane?

Reagents:

• Halogen.

Conditions:

• UV light.

What reagents and conditions are needed to convert an alkene into a halogenoalkane?

Reagents:

• Hydrogen halide.

Conditions:

• 20 degrees celsius temperature.

What reagents and conditions are needed to convert a halogenoalkane into an alkene?

Reagents:

• Potassium hydroxide.

• Ethanol.

Conditions:

• Reflux.

What reagents and conditions are needed to convert an alkene into a dihalogenoalkane?

Reagents:

• Halogen.

Conditions:

• 20 degrees celsius temperature.

What reagents and conditions are needed to convert an alkene into an alkane?

Reagents:

• Hydrogen (H₂).

• Nickel catalyst.

Conditions:

• 150 degrees celsius temperature.

What reagents and conditions are needed to convert a halogenoalkane into a nitrile?

Reagents:

• Potassium cyanide.

• Ethanol.

Conditions:

• Reflux.

What reagents are needed to convert a nitrile into a primary amine?

Reagents:

• Lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH₄).

• Dilute sulfuric acid.

What reagents and conditions are needed to convert a halogenoalkane into a primary amine?

Reagents:

• Ammonia (NH₃).

Conditions:

• Heat.

What reagents and conditions are needed to convert a halogenoalkane into a secondary/tertiary amine or quaternary ammonium salt?

Reagents:

• Ammonia (NH₃).

Conditions:

• Heat.

What reagents and conditions are needed to convert an aldehyde/ketone into a hydroxynitrile?

Reagents:

• Potassium cyanide.

• Sulfuric acid.

Conditions:

• 20 degrees celsius temperature.

What reagents and conditions are needed to convert an acyl chloride/acid anhydride into a carboxylic acid?

Reagents:

• Water.

Conditions:

• 20 degrees celsius temperature.

What reagents and conditions are needed to convert a carboxylic acid into an ester?

Reagents:

• Alcohol.

• Concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst.

Conditions:

• Heat.

What reagents and conditions are needed to convert an ester into a carboxylic acid?

Reagents:

• Dilute sulfuric acid.

• Water.

OR

• Dilute sodium hydroxide.

Conditions:

• Reflux.

What reagents and conditions are needed to convert an acyl chloride/acid anhydride into an ester?

Reagents:

• Alcohol.

Conditions:

• 20 degrees celsius temperature.

What reagents and conditions are needed to convert an acyl chloride/acid anhydride into a primary amine?

Reagents:

• Ammonia.

Conditions:

• 20 degrees celsius temperature.

What reagents and conditions are needed to convert an acyl chloride/acid anhydride into an N-substituted amide?

Reagents:

• Amine.

Conditions:

• 20 degrees celsius temperature.

What reagents and conditions are needed to nitrate benzene once?

Reagents:

• Concentrated sulfuric acid.

• Concentrated nitric acid.

Conditions:

• Temperature below 55 degrees celsius.

What reagents and conditions are needed to convert nitrobenzene into phenylamine?

Reagents:

• Concentrated hydrochloric acid.

• Tin

• Sodium hydroxide.

Conditions:

• Reflux.

What reagents and conditions are needed to convert phenylamine into N-phenylethanamide?

Reagents:

• Ethanoyl chloride.

Conditions:

• Room temperature.

What reagents and conditions are required to acylate benzene?

Reagents:

• Acyl chloride.

• Aluminium chloride catalyst (AlCl₃).

Conditions:

• Reflux.

• Anhydrous.

Give three things chemists must take into account when making new drugs.

• Whether it is cost effective.

• Safety.

• Environmental impact.

If a drug can be synthesised either starting with toxic or non-toxic materials, which route will be chosen?

The route starting with non-toxic materials.

True or false? Reactions with high atom economy and high percentage yield are preferred.

True.

How does decreasing the number of steps in a synthetic process usually affect percentage yield?

Percentage yield increases.

Why do chemists prefer synthetic routes that don’t use solvents?

Solvents are often flammable, toxic, and increase waste.