Emergence of the Americas in Global Affairs (1880-1929) and Political Developments in Latin America (1945-1980)

Comprehensive flashcards covering key terms, figures, and events of US expansionism, the Cuban Revolution, Latin American populists, and Civil Rights movements from 1880 to 1980.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

A policy declaring the Western Hemisphere off limits to any further European colonization or interface.

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

An evolution of the Monroe Doctrine used to justify US intervention to maintain regional stability and preserve order in Latin American affairs.

Dollar Diplomacy

A US foreign policy under President William Taft (1909-1913) promoting economic investment in Latin America and Asia to expand influence and prevent European influence.

Moral Diplomacy

A system under Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) where support is given only to countries whose beliefs are analogous to that of the United States.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy (1901-1909) emphasizing diplomacy backed by the threat of military force, often acting as a "policeman."

Manifest Destiny

An ideology influencing expansionism as a means of "civilizing" non-western peoples.

Yellow Journalism

A sensationalist style of journalism in the 1890s, led by William Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, that exaggerated Spanish atrocities to fuel public rage.

De Lome Letter (1898)

A publication in which a Spanish Diplomat insulted President William McKinley, further enraging American nationalists before the Spanish-American War.

USS Maine

A US ship that exploded in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898, killing 266 sailors; the event was blamed on Spain and sparked war.

Valeriano Weyler

The Spanish General known as "the Butcher of Cuba" for introducing reconcentration camps that caused widespread famine and disease.

Victory at Manila Bay

A naval battle on May 1, 1898, where Admiral George Dewey destroyed the Spanish Pacific fleet in a single morning.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

The treaty that formally ended the Spanish-American War; the US acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Lusitania Crisis (1915)

The sinking of a British passenger liner by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915, killing 1198 people, including 128 Americans.

Zimmermann Telegram (1917)

A secret German proposal offering US territory to Mexico in exchange for joining the war against the US.

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's 1918 vision for a postwar order based on democracy, free trade, self-determination, and collective security.

Fordney McCumber Tariff 1922

A protectionist policy that alienated Latin American partners and deepened perceptions of US economic dominance.

Fulgencio Batista

The military dictator of Cuba (1952-1959) whose regime was marked by corruption, censorship, and police brutality prior to the revolution.

26th of July Movement

A revolutionary movement launched by Fidel Castro in 1953 following a failed attack on the Moncada Barracks.

Granma Yacht

The vessel used by Fidel Castro and 82 men in December 1956 to return to Cuba from exile to begin a guerrilla war.

Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDRs)

Neighborhood surveillance networks created in 1960 that covered over 80% of the Cuban population.

Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)

A failed attempt by 1400 CIA-backed Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro; the invaders were defeated within 72 hours.

UMAP camps

Forced labor camps in Cuba (1965-1968) where LGBTQIA+ people and other dissenters faced persecution.

Mariel Boatlift (1980)

A mass exodus of 125,000 Cubans to the US, revealing deep discontent with the revolutionary regime.

Justicialismo

Also known as Peronism, a doctrine characterized by the "three flags": social justice, economic independence, and political sovereignty.

Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

An economic strategy promoting domestic industry to replace foreign imports, aimed at reducing dependence on foreign markets.

State-led Industrialization

A policy used by populist leaders like Peron and Vargas to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

Estado Novo

The "New State" authoritarian dictatorship established by Getulio Vargas in Brazil in 1937.

Cafe com leite politics

An elitist political system in Brazil before 1930 where power was shared between coffee producers from Sao Paulo and dairy producers from Minas Gerais.

Salvador Allende

The first Marxist leader elected democratically in Latin America (Chile, 1970) who aimed for a "Chilean road to socialism."

Augusto Pinochet

The General who led the 1973 military coup in Chile and established a repressive regime characterized by neoliberal economics.

Chicago Boys

Chilean economists trained in the US who guided Pinochet's free-market reforms, public spending cuts, and privatization.

DINA

The secret police agency (Direccion de Inteligencia Nacional) created by Pinochet in 1973 to eliminate political opposition through torture and disappearances.

Liberation Theology

A 1960s/70s movement within the Catholic Church linking Christian faith with social justice and a "preferential option for the poor."

Base Ecclesial Communities (CEBs)

Small groups of peasants and workers who read the Bible and discussed social change as part of the Liberation Theology movement.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

An organization founded in 1968 to fight for treaty rights, protection from police brutality, and cultural revival for Native Americans.

White Paper (1969)

A Canadian government proposal aimed at eliminating the special legal status of Indigenous people and abolishing reserves.

The Red Paper (1970)

A publication by Cree leader Harold Cardinal rejecting the White Paper and calling for the recognition of Indigenous rights and self-determination.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

A landmark US Supreme Court case that declared school segregation unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.

Civil Rights Act (1964)

A major piece of US legislation that outlawed segregation and job discrimination.

Second Wave Feminism

The feminist movement from the 1960s-1980s that fought for equality in work, education, and reproductive freedom.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

An organization founded in 1966 by Betty Friedan to advocate for equal pay and workplace rights.

Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

An Argentine women's movement that mobilized under a repressive regime to demand justice for their "disappeared" relatives.