kennedy social change

What infrastructure project in 1961 caused the Seneca Nation to appeal to JFK to protect their reservation land?

The construction of the Kinzua Dam, which flooded a third of the Allegany reservation after Kennedy refused to intervene.

What radical Native American civil rights group was formed in 1961 to counter the softer approach of the NCAI?

The National Indian Youth Council (NIYC), founded by Clyde Warrior.

What direct action tactic did the National Indian Youth Council use in 1963 to protest the loss of historic fishing rights?

"Fish-ins," notably staged at Frank's Landing in 1963.

What was the name of the radical newsletter launched by the National Indian Youth Council in 1963?

"ABC: America Before Columbus" (which helped inspire the broader "Red Power" movement).

By what percentage did the Hispanic population of the United States grow between 1950 and 1960?

It grew by 80%.

What was the "Viva Kennedy" campaign of 1960, and what percentage of the Hispanic vote did it secure?

A voter registration drive that won JFK 85% of the Hispanic vote, aided by a shared Catholic faith.

Which two Hispanic men were elected to the House of Representatives during the Kennedy presidency?

Henry Gonzales of Texas (1961) and Edward Roybal of California (1963).

What organization did Cesar Chavez create in 1962 to protect exploited rural Hispanic laborers?

The National Farm Workers Association (NFVA).

What educational program did LULAC launch to teach Hispanic children 400 English words before starting school?

The "Little School of the 400" program, which reached 92,000 children between 1960 and 1964.

What major labor legislation in 1963 required employers to compensate female workers equally?

The Equal Pay Act of 1963, which enabled 170,000 women to reclaim $84 million in back wages over a decade.

What striking statistic regarding women in management was revealed by the 1963 "American Women" report?

Despite women making up 50% of the workforce, 95% of corporate managers were men.

How many American women were using the contraceptive pill by 1962, following FDA approval in 1960?

1.2 million American women.

What massive 1961 anti-nuclear protest event involved 50,000 American women?

"Women Strike for Peace," organized by activist Dagmar Wilson to fight against nuclear weapons testing.

What groundbreaking second-wave feminist book did Betty Friedan publish in 1963?

"The Feminine Mystique," which critiqued the isolation and unfulfillment suffered by suburban homemakers.

What was the title of Gloria Steinem's 1963 investigative article exposing the sexist treatment of workers at the Playboy Club?

"A Bunny's Tale" (which forced owner Hugh Hefner to improve working conditions).

What was the annual economic earnings gap between white women and black women in America by 1963?

The average white woman earned $8,000 annually, compared to just $5,000 for black women.

What working-class youth subculture, famous for its leather jackets, was popular among Italian and Hispanic youth?

The "greaser" subculture.

Which street gang was considered the most dangerous youth organization in Chicago between 1961 and 1963?

The "Black P-Stones."

What prominent political youth group representing the socialist "New Left" was formed in Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1960?

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), founded under leader Alan Haber.

What was the name of the 1962 SDS manifesto, and what did it demand?

The "Port Huron Statement," which demanded an end to nuclear weapons and the removal of Dixiecrat influence from the Democratic Party.

What controversial book by Helen Gurley Brown encouraged young women to be financially independent and sexually active?

"Sex and the Single Girl," which sold an astonishing 2 million copies within three weeks of its 1962 release.

Which radio DJ challenged social norms in 1963 by criticizing JFK and discussing drug usage on his show?

Bob Fass on his controversial radio program "Radio Unnameable."