Eng Lang Exam Revision

Phonetics & Phonology

The study of sound patterns, involving how sounds are formed into patterns, how they change, and how pitch, stress, and intonation can affect meaning.

Morphology

The study of the internal structure of words and the processes by which words are formed.

Lexicology

Explores what a word is and how the meaning of words can be explained.

Syntax

The study of phrases, clauses, and sentences. Recognises how words are joined together to create phrases and clauses, which are joined together to make sentences.

Discourse & Pragmatics

The study of how the meaning of spoken and written language is related to the context in which that speech and writing occurs. It involves studying speaker/writer intention as well as listener/reader interpretation based on situational and cultural contexts.

Semantics

Examines what meaning is and how words get their meaning.

Adverb

Modifies verbs, adjectives, or adverbs.

Conative Function

Prompting a behaviour or eliciting a response.

Free Morphemes

Can stand alone as a word and convey meaning.

Root Morphemes

Used as a base and can be added to.

Bound Morphemes

Cannot stand alone as a word and need to be attached to a root in order to convey meaning.

Inflectional Morphemes

Always suffixes and only indicate tense, number, or degree.

Derivational Morphemes

Can be prefixes or suffixes and change either the meaning or word class of a word.

Prepositions

Shows us a relationship between two things in terms of place and time (e.g. at, in, above, behind, between, near, under)

Determiners

Introduce nouns; they appear before nouns but do not replace them (e.g. his, her, my, your, this, that)

Interjections

Used to show excitement or emotion (e.g. wow, mhm, yum, ow, yay !!)

Auxiliary Verbs

Support the main verb within a sentence (e.g. be, have, do, did, has)

Modal Verbs

Indicate the ability, potential, or obligation to do something.

Phrase vs Clause

A clause has a subject and a predicate, while a phrase has neither.

Compound Sentences

Contain at least 2 independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (Anthony lifted the boxes and Jess drank the milkshake).

Complex Sentences

Contain only one independent clause and at least one dependent clause joined by a subordinating conjunction (e.g. Anthony lifted the boxes because they were too heavy for anyone else).

Compound-Complex Sentences

Contain at least two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction and at least one dependent clause joined by a subordinating conjunction (e.g. Anthony lifted the boxes because they were too heavy for anyone else, and Jess drank the milkshake).