king richard and john, last minute

fief or feud

land held by a vassal in return for service to a lord

tenant-in-chief

someone who held their fiefs directly from the king

under-tenant

someone who held their fiefs from a tenant-in-chief

vassal

someone who held land from someone else in the feudal system

what were the duties of labour service?

‘boon work’- working on the lord’s land gathering harvest, ‘week-work’- working on the lord’s land on certain days every week, doing jobs such as looking after animals, sowing crops and ploughing land, labour service was the work unfree peasants were expected to do on their lord’s land, to provide enough food for everyone

what were the duties of knight service?

knights held land in return for doing military service for a lord, which was a specified no. of days per year (2 months for serving in the king’s army or 40 days guarding a castle), if the knight’s lord was imprisoned, the knight had to help free the lord, by helping to raise a ransom

why was the church very wealthy?

it earned money from rent and profits from agriculture on its land, everyone paid a tithe (one tenth of their produce), people frequently donated money and land to the church or left money in their wills

what was the role of the clergy?

they dedicated their lives to god and guided and taught people to live according to church teachings, they performed daily services (e.g. mass) in all villages and towns in england, they also performed baptisms, marriages and funerals

what did the sceptre symbolise?

fairness

what was the coronation oath the king took?

when he swore to protect the church and at with justice and mercy

what followed the king’s coronation oath?

the tenants-in-chief then swore homage to the king

when were there crown wearings, and what did they enforce?

winchester (easter), gloucester (christmas), westminster (whitsun), when the king took part in crown-wearing ceremonies which nobles had to attend, these took place in cathedrals to enforce the idea that the king had been chosen by god

what was one of john’s key strengths?

he practised itinerant kingship, when the king regularly travelled around the country to meet with barons, nobles and bishops

how did richard gain the support of barons when he became king?

he restored the land to nobles who had been disinherited by henry ii, in addition to treating nobles with courtesy

when was arthur captured by john?

1202, at mirebeau

when was john crowned, and why was this advantageous?

27th may, which was shortly after richard’s death on 6th april, securing his power

how did richard raise money for war in france in 1194?

he charged men to retain the offices they had bought in 1189

who were tradesmen?

trained as apprentices to highly skilled master craftsmen, often members of a guild who could trade in that town in return for members’ fees and payment of taxes

who were merchants?

sold food, raw materials and textiles in towns across europe, especially the low countries, some were wealthy, customs duties on all imports and exports were paid to the king

what did henry i’s coronation charter state?

it promised that the king would restore good government and get rid of ‘evil customs’

llywelyn leads a rebellion in wales and seizes some land

1211

when did the rebels take control of rochester castle?

october 1215

why was rochester castle important?

it was enroute from dover to london and would be needed to defend or attack the capital

what happened to ensure john gained control of england over the rebels?

the rebels at rochester castle surrendered to him at the end of november 1915, john marched north to recover land taken by alexander ii which included berwick castle, by march 1916, only london still held out against john

when did prince louis land in england?

he landed in kent in may 1216 with an army of 1200

what fraction of the barons supported the rebel barons by 1216?

two thirds

give three features of the siege of rochester castle?

bridges were destroyed which prevented supplies reaching the castle, miners dug under the walls of the castle and one of the towers collapsed, five siege machines pounded the high and thick castle walls with stones

richard declares arthur his heir

1190

when did richard make geoffrey the archbishop of york?

1191

john pays homage to philip and declares richard dead

1193

richard makes alliances with the counts of toulouse, flanders and boulogne

1194

john arrives in england, stirs up rebellion and takes castles

1191

what did the treaty of jaffa state?

muslims retained jerusalem, christians retained the coastline between acre and jaffa, no fighting for three years, christian pilgrims could visit jerusalem

john surrenders castles and begs for mercy when richard returns to england

1194

how did richard stop william the lion from trying to claim northern ireland?

he agreed that william the lion did not have to pay homage to him (therefore accepting scotland as a separate country)

william de longchamp is appointed

1190

why was william de longchamp unpopular with many english barons?

he was norman, so they thought they knew the english government better than him, he had paid to make him chancellor, he replaced many sheriffs appointed by richard with his own men, they felt he was arrogant and he didn’t treat them with respect or consult them on important matters

when was hubert walter made archbishop of canterbury

1193

when was william de longchamp deposed?

october 1191

how was william so longchamp deposed?

leading barons joined with john in rebellion against him

why was england well governed until 1199?

richard was often close in normandy and stayed in touch with walter, walter and richard had the support of barons and consulted them, walter made the justice system more effective by choosing 4 knights in each hundred to deal with justice in that area

what was a hundred?

an area within a shire

there are anti-jewish riots in king’s lynn and norwich

february 1190

anti-jewish riots in london

september 1189

who went on crusade?

knights, knights’ squire and other members of knights’ military households, 8000 professional soldiers hired by richard, priests, civilians

why did some civilians go on crusade?

women worked as cooks, baggage carriers and nurses, some were married to other crusaders

why did philip feel humiliated upon his arrival in sicily in september 1190

richard received a ceremony upon his arrival in messina, but philip only received a quiet reception

richard marries berengaria of navarre

1191

when did frederick i ‘barbarossa’ die? and how?

june 1190, he drowned on his way to the holy land

reasons for disagreement between philip and richard

how much their professional soldiers should be paid (richard paid them more), and who should be king of jerusalem (richard wanted guy de lusignan but philip wanted conrad de montferrat)

philip returns home to france

august 1191

give reasons for why philip returned home early

annoyance with richard, philip was unwell, the court of flanders had just died, he feared there may be an attack on france in his absence

why was acre important?

it was the main port in the kingdom of jerusalem, so it was an important supply route for jerusalem

saladin’s forces surrender acre

july 1191

richard’s men take 2700 muslim prisoners and execute them in sight of saladin’s camp

august 1191

why did richard execute 2700 muslim prisoners?

saladin did not agree to richard’s negotiation, so richard thought saladin was playing for time

saladin’s 30,000 man army attacks the crusaders on the plain of arsuf

september 1191

why did attacks on jews start in london in 1189?

richard was apparently ‘displeased’ with the presence of jews at his coronation

john leaves his army at château gaillard with no resources or support

1203

the treaty of le goulet is signed

1200

what did the treaty of le goulet state?

philip recognised john as king of the angevin empire, john gave philip some land in normandy, arthur remained duke of brittany but homage to john for this, john agreed to do homage to philip for his land in france and pay a large fine for the inheritance of this land

john begins a quarrel with the pope over who should be the archbishop of canterbury

1205

john is excommunicated by pope innocent iii

november 1209

an interdict is imposed on england

1208

where was the château gaillard?

on the river seine, on the border of normandy, defended the main route to rouen and paris, by the vexin

philip legally declares john’s lands forfeit, because john has paid homage to philip

1202

john marries isabella of angoulême

1200

why did john’s marriage result in philip declaring his land forfeit?

isabella of angoulême had been promised to hugh de lusignan, but when john marries her he did not give compensation, so hugh appeled to philip for help and after john refused to attend philip’s court, philip had reason enough to forfeit john’s land

what were the consequences of the 1212 plot to kill john?

jan made some concessions, including relaxing some tax demands, john reconciled with the pope

why was the plot of 1212 a failure?

john was fighting llywelyn in wales when he heard of the plot so he marched his army north to reassert control and prevent rebellion

why did john decide to reconcile with the pope in 1213?

showed he lacked allies, by 1213 england was about to be invaded by philip ii, john didn’t want an alliance between the pope and philip

by how much did the amount charged in wardship fines increase by?

300%

after the battle of bouvines, how much money from the war chest was wasted?

£130,000

who were john’s allies in the battle of bouvines?

otto iv (the holy roman emperor), and the counts of flanders, boulogne and holland

why was john’s loss at the battle of bouvines so significant?

philip ii’s victory meant france was the most powerful nation in europe, john would never be able to regain normandy, the barons who had financed the war were very angry

rebel barons take control of london and its financial resources

may 1215

john seizes the land of 39 barons

may 1215

rebel barons break their oath of fealty and march on northampton, starting their march in london

april 1215

john ‘takes the cross’ to gain the pope’s support

march 1215

barons meet at bury edmunds

november 1214

what happened when the barons met at bury st edmunds?

they swore that if john refused to accept the terms of henry i’s coronation charter, they would begin a rebellion

pope innocent iii issues a papal bull which declares magna carta is void because john had been forced into this, and pledged to excommunicate anyone who tried to enforce it, so john renounces magna carta

august 1215

prince louis arrives in kent

may 1216

why were the barons more accepting of henry as a king rather than john?

henry was too young to have played a part in john’s reign: the barons could have no complaints about him

william marshall reissues magna carta, having removed the barons’ original reasons for going to war

1216 in bristol

why was william marshall good to appoint as protector and regent?

he was a respected, skilled and experienced military leader

following john’s death, where were there threats to the land?

land on the english side of the welsh and scottish borders was controlled by llywelyn of wales and alexander ii of scotland

how many barons had john selected to rule as a council following his death?

13

two features of magna carta

the amount of scutage the king could claim was reduced and needed consent from the barons, a group of 25 barons would ensure the king kept to the charter and if he didn’t they had the power to take some of the king’s land, called provision 61

to features of royal revenues

scutage was paid instead of providing military service, which was used to pay for additional soldiers, revenue could be raised by the selling of offices e.g. the position of sheriff

why was the loss of normandy a particular issue for barons?

many barons had land on both sides of the channel and now had to choose which country to stay in

how did richard ensure he had loyal support when he became king?

he released ministers that had been imprisoned by henry ii

how did richard ensure the welsh king was not a threat when he became king?

he negotiated that when he was on crusade the welsh king would not attack

to features of a peasant’s life

peasants worked on land to provide food for themselves, everyone else and the tithe, sunday was their day off, which they used to go to church

to features of the english crusading army that went on the third crusade

some professional soldiers went on crusade, they were experienced in warfare and were paid, the army included priests, some of whom fought, and some of whom provided spiritual support for the rest of the army

two features of the role of william marshall as protector

he was appointed protector on the death of john by the king’s council, marshall indicated henry would rule according to magna carta, which secured support for the nobility

which baron switched sides to prince louis’ side

earl of salisbury

what was allowed in the interdict

baptisms and confessions but most churches were closed

where did people have to be buried during the interdict

in consecrated ground, so they thought their soul wouldn’t go to heaven

what was not allowed in the interdict

marriages, so children were illegitimate, parish holy days