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Immobile articulators

Alveolar ridge, hard palate, teeth

Mobile articulators

Tongue, mandible, velum, lips, cheeks, larynx, hyoid bone

Articulatory system

The system of mobile and immobile articulators brought into contact for the purpose of shaping the sounds of speech.

Resonatory system

The system of air-filled cavities that shape and modify the sound.

Source-Filter theory

The vocal folds provide the sound source for voiced sounds.

Maxillae

Forms the hard palate, the alveolar ridge, and house the upper dental arch, all essential for speech resonance and swallowing.

Mandible

The largest unpaired bone making up the lower jaw. It provides the lower dental arch (lower set of teeth), and a resting place for the tongue, crucial for chewing and articulation.

What are the bones of the face important for?

The bones of the face and cranium form a stable framework that supports the muscles and tissues involved in articulation, resonance, voice, and swallowing.

The space where the sound produced by your vocal cords is shaped into the distinct sounds of speech.

The vocal cavity

What muscles are important for retracting the lips?

Transverse muscles

• Buccinator

• Risorius

What helps pull corners up and depresses the corners of the mouth?

Angular muscles

• Zygomatic major and minor

• Levator anguli oris

• Depressor anguli oris

Strongest muscle for elevating mandible to close the jaw

Masseter

Oral prep stage

Where food is masticated and mixed with saliva to form into a bolus.

Oral stage

Bolus makes contact with faucial pillars and propelled to pharynx.

Pharyngeal stage

Epiglottis inverts, soft palate closes, larynx pulled up and forward, UES relaxes so food can pass

Esophageal stage

Larynx lowers and food is in esophagus and LES opens so food can enter stomach

Aspiration pneumonia

Food or liquid enter lungs

Dysphagia

Impaired swallowing

Response to food or liquid going down wrong pipe

Cough reflex

Important muscle around lips where many facial muscles insert

Orbicularis oris

Is the Buccinator or Risorius deeper in the cheek

The Buccinator

Primary elevators for mandible

Masseter and temporalis

Primary depressors of mandible

Both digastrics bellies, mylohyoid, and geniohyoid muscles

Soft palate while swallowing and speaking

Elevated

What muscles in pharynx help narrow and push food down

The pharyngeal constrictor muscles.

• Superior, middle, inferior

Cavity between teeth and cheek that plays a role in speech resonance and swallowing.

Buccal cavity

Holes in hard palate prothesis

Palatal Obturator

Are motor speech exercises effective

Dysarthria treatment should not incorporate non-speech oral motor exercises

What is a Therabite

A Therabite is a therapeutic device designed to improve mouth opening and strengthen jaw muscles, often used in rehabilitation for patients with restricted mandibular movement.

Different directions for oral mech

Close lips and puff air into cheeks, close eyes, raise eyebrows, smiling, sticking tongue out and move left to right, touch sides of forehead and cheeks for sensation

Tight jaw

Trismus

Medical term for swallowing

Deglutition

What is considered normal in the modified barium swallow study?

Food is chewed in oral cavity, tongue propels bolus posteriorly, swallow triggers, all food passes through pharynx with help of pharyngeal constrictors, epiglottis inverts, hyolaryngeal movement upward and outward, UES relaxes to allow food to pass into esophagus

Should food pass through the trachea or esophagus?

Esophagus

Should there be food left over in the vallecula or pyriform sinuses?

No, this does not reflect a normal swallow.

The main muscle enabling lip movement (speaking, smiling, eating)

Obicularis Oris

Orbicularis Oris

Constrict oral opening (labial seal)

What muscles pull upper lip up and the lower lip down?

Vertical muscles

• Mentalis

• Levator labii superioris

• Depressor labii inferioris

• Levator labii superioris alaeuque nasi

Buccinator

Retract lip at the corners and compress cheeks against teeth

Risorius

Retract lip at the corners

Zygomatic Minor, Zygomatic Major, and Levator Anguli Oris

Elevates and retracts the angle of mouth

Depressor Anguli Oris

Depresses angle of lip

Mentalis

Pulls the lower lips out, elevates and wrinkles the chin skin

Depressor labii inferior

Pulling the lips downward and outward

Levator Labii Superioris and Levator labii superioris alaequae nasi

Elevates the upper lip and flares nostril

Intrinsic muscles of tongue (origin and insertion within)

• Superior longitudinal muscle

• Inferior longitudinal muscle

• Transverse muscle of the tongue

• Vertical muscle of the tongue

Extrinsic muscles of tongue (one within, one external)

• Genioglossus

• Styloglossus

• Hypoglossus

• Palaoglossus

Superior Longitudinal Muscle

Elevates and deviates the tongue tip

Inferior longitudinal muscle

Depresses and deviates the tongue tip

Transverse muscle of the tongue

Narrows and elongates tongue

Vertical muscle of the tongue

Flattens the tongue

• central groove on tongue surface

• depress tongue dorsum

Genioglossus

• Anterior fibers retract tongue

• Posterior fibers protrude tongue

• Depress tongue dorsum

• central groove on tongue surface

Genioglossus and swallowing/speaking

• Helps in elevating hyoid bone and inverting of epiglottis (prevent aspiration)

• Stabilizes hyoid for precise articulations

Styloglossus

Pulls the tongue back (retract) and slightly upward

Hyoglossus

Depresses tongue dorsum and retracts the tongue

(or elevates hyoid)

Palatoglossus

Elevate the back (posterior) of the tongue (or depresses the soft palate)

Temporalis

Assists in elevating mandible

Primary muscles that depress mandible when hyoid is stabilized

Digastricus, mylohyoid, geniohyoid

What sounds require the soft palate (velum) to depress

Nasals such as /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/.

What shape is the vocal cavity?

F shaped, made up of the oral cavity, pharynx, and nasal cavity

What is the resonator of voice?

Vocal cavity, containing Formant 1 and Formant 2 (containers of air)

What is the “filter” of speech?

The vocal tract; emphasizing some frequencies (formants) and reducing others, giving each phoneme it’s distinctive sound.

Source-Filter Theory for Vowels

The tongue shape changes are what create the different formants (F1 and F2) that make vowels.

What is the difference between F1 and F2 for vowels?

The first is related to the height and the second to frontness

• low tongue=high F1

• forward tongue=high F2

For voiceless consonants, how is the sound is produced?

Turbulence produced by the airflow constriction.

Class III malocclusion

Mandible overlaps maxilla (protruded mandible)

Class I Occlusion or Neutroclusion

Normal orientation

Class I Malocclusion

Normal molar orientation but abnormal orientation of the incisors

Class II malocclusion

Mandible retruded or retracted

Oral mech is used for

Dysphagia and dysarthria

Dysarthria

the impairment for speech, slurred speech

apraxia

motor speech deficit, motor planning

aphasia

language impairment

Levator Veli Palatini

Primary elevator of the soft palate.

Tensor Veli Palatini

Assists in tensing the soft palate (shortens and firms palate)

Palatopharyngeus and Palatoglossus

Depresses the soft palate, in a relaxed state

Musculus Uvulae

Shortens the soft palate

Stylopharyngeus Muscles

Widens pharynx