Depth 5: Reconciliation with old enemies

Significance of China’s growing importance in the UN (3)

Actively participated in global politics (on an equal footing to rest of security council)

Improved relations with Western powers (recognition of China as sole legitimate gov of China)

Could further own ambitions

How did Mao’s death lead to China’s growing importance in the UN (3)

No longer unconditional rejection of the West

Deng prioritised efficiency and effectiveness over revolutionary purity

Deng 1982 - amicable relations with major states and institutions should be prioritised over ideological struggle

What was in the Shanghai Communiqué (3 + year)

• 1972

• Treaty with the US

• Expressed hope for renewed Sino-US friendship

• agreed to reconsideration over Taiwan

Example of China actively participating in global politics (1970s = 2) (1980s = 4)

1970s:

Non-participation in votes = 32.3% in 1970s

attacked US peacekeeping which it saw as a pretext for US ambitions to further it’s influence

1980s:

Non-participation in votes = 6.2%

Used fewer vetoes

Supported humanitarian intervention in Rwanda

Abstained (not vetoed) from votes over economic sanctions to countries where it had no strategic interest (e.g. Kosovo)

Example of significance of China’s importance in the UN for improving diplomatic relations (5)

Has influence over Western powers (contrast to its submission from 1860s)

Recognition it is legitimate gov of China

No diplomatic isolation after Tiananmen Square

Not causing tension with the US (e.g. over humanitarian interventions)

Mutual mistrust of USSR = allied with US

China’s importance in the UN for furthering it’s own ambitions (3)

Collapse of USSR = China was only major communist power

1981 blocked reappointment of US-sponsored candidate as UN secretary general in favour of a Tanzanian candidate (due to US’ hardening stance on Taiwan and China’s nominal leadership of Tanzania)

1980 supported UN resolution to call for emergency session of UN general assembly to discuss USSR’s invasion of Afghanistan (to isolate the USSR internationally and humiliate it)

Significance of IMF and World Bank (4)

Supported China’s development with economic benefits (e.g. loans)

Mentored China in managing a socialist economy within a global framework

Opened China to foreign investment

Increased Transparency

OVERALL: strengthened China

Examples of the economic benefits China gained

Eligible for low interest loans (from IMF)

Examples of mentoring China in managing a socialist economy within a global framework (IMF = 3) (WB = 4)

IMF:

• Pushed for reforms to improve Chinese economy (e.g. accept free market values and changing taxation system)

• Decentralisation (recommended changing from a command economy to a free market economy)

• Learnt how international economic systems operated

World Bank:

• Created a socialist market economy

• Establish universal foreign exchange rate and enable banking reforms (creation of 3 state-owned banks to subsidise/support state-directed programmes)

• Encouraged disconnecting business from the state

• Visited China weeks after Tiananmen Square 1989 to discuss how to sustain economic modernisation in a time of political unrest

Example of how IMF/WB opened China to foreign investment (IMF = 1) (WB = 5)

IMF: allowed China to pursue economic relations with foreign powers

WB:

1980 WB delegation agreed to 5 development loans

• $200 million education loan

• 2 agricultural loans e.g. $60 million to improve irrigation in Shandong

1980-72 gave 192 loans to China

Introduced concepts such as competitive bidding and environmental supervision

Example of how WB increased China’s transparency (1)

Consented to WB Report which influenced China’s economic strategy e.g. concepts like cost-benefit analysis

4 places China improved diplomatic ties

EEC, South-East Asia, Vietnam, Africa

Significance of China’s improved relations with EEC (6)

Secured diplomatic relations 1975

Simplified trade

Allowed Western expansion

1978 agreement for trade cooperation (extended 1985)

Became China’s largest trading power

Imposed arms embargo after Tiananmen Square 1989 but no effect on trade

Significance of China’s improved relations with South-East Asia (4)

Allowed it to become more dominant regional power

Supported the creation of the Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFRAN)

Large population of ethnic Chinese making cultural/trade assimilation more achievable e.g. Chinese emigrant entrepreneurs invested in China

Singapore no longer vilified for it’s capitalism as it was under Mao - economic model for international integration

Significance of China’s improved relations with Vietnam (3)

China viewed as traitorous for seeking closer relations with USSR

Vietnam invaded PRC-sponsored Cambodia 1979 (China indirectly fought through UN economic sanctions)

Lost USSR assistance in USSR so Vietnam forced to seek China’s assistance and improved Sino-Soviet relations

Significance of China’s improved relations with Africa (3)

By end of 1990s was increasing investment in Africa

Decreased it’s priority of financing/advising revolutionary movements

Toned down promotion of 3rd World interests and radical redistribution of wealth in UN security council

Causes for closer cooperation with Japan (2)

Deng believed it was central to modernisation and economic renaissance

Growth as regional player in Asia

Significance of closer cooperation with Japan (4)

1978 Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the PRC and Japan

Bilateral trade increased

Diplomatic visits

(Bilateral communiqué 1972)

What was the Bilateral communiqué (2 + year)

1972

Japan recognised China’s claims over Taiwan

Combined to forcefully oppose concept of super-power hegemony in SE Asia

Significance of Treaty of Peace and Friendship (5 + year)

1978

• Lasting peace on basis of peaceful coexistence

• Disputes solved without force

• PRC agreed to not renew anti-Japanese Sino-Soviet alliance of 1950

• Assured no desire on either side for regional dominance (Bilateral Communiqué)

• Led to Japan supporting China’s entry into IMF and WB e.g. 1st country to offer bilateral loans with 4 major assistance packages = $13 billion (for revitalising Chinese steel)

Significance of Bilateral trade increase (4)

China had access to Japan’s tech/expertise and low-interest loans

New market for Japan and access to China’s raw materials e.g. crude oil

Japanese FDI increased by over $8 billion from 1989 to mid-1990s

Japan invested in Baoshan Steel complex Shanghai

Examples of diplomatic visits (5)

Increased showing endurance of friendship

Deng visited Japan 1978 to ratify Treaty of Peace and Friendship

1984 Japanese state visit to China announced loan programme amounting to $4.3 billion annually 1984-89

Deng displayed gratitude for Japanese support after Tiananmen Square

1992 Emperor Akihito was first emperor to visit China (for 20 year commemoration of the Communiqué)

Causes of Improved relations with US (3)

• Unity against USSR (after Sino-Soviet split)

• Central to modernisation and economic renaissance (could only reintegrate intp economic community with the US)

• Deng put less emphasis on global redistribution of resources and power

Key events: (3)

Agreement to dull diplomatic relations 1979

Deng visited USA 1979

Jiang Zemin visited 1997

Agreement to dull diplomatic relations (5 + year)

1979

• Allowed them to stand collectively against USSR

• Exchanged ambassadors and embassies

• US abrogated 1954 Mutual Defence Treaty with Taiwan and agreed to withdraw remaining military personnel

  • PRC agreed to not enforce its will militarily

  • US remained unofficial in realm of diplomacy e.g. sold arms and pledged to not abandon Taiwan

Deng’s visit USA 1979 (2 + year)

1979

• Ensured trade = on bilateral relations and equal terms

• Signed trade contracts and reached agreements on cultural, scientific and economic exchange

Jiang Zemin visit (8 + year)

1997

Tension in the relationship

• HR protests against Chinese gov

• USA suspected China of helping develop nuclear programmes of rogue nations

• Economic sanctions since 1989

• China mad at US attempting to dictate handling of own foreign affairs

• Jiang harangued by pro-democracy protesters

Clinton prepared to ignore PRC’s HR record

Economic agreements

Significance of growing trade with US (4)

Capitalist blueprint for PRC

• US seduced China with digital age technology (seen with Jiang and Deng’s wonder on visits to the US)

US assimilated China into international community e.g. IMF (to be a more stable trading partner)

Increased despite internal turmoil (PRC maintained grip on internal affairs)

New market for goods and sharing of resources

Key events in trade between US and China (7)

1979 US exports = steel, iron, cereals, machinery but restricted military tech/equipment (China exports = cotton fabrics and fireworks)

1991 Congress permitted China the status of the Most Favoured Nation (exempt from high tariff rates)

1980 USA loosed restrictions on weapons transfer (US previously viewed China as on same footing as a Warsaw Pact Country)

1980s China’s US imports diversified - transportation/communications equipment and technologically advanced products like computers

1978-1985 bilateral Sino-American trade increased from $1 billion to over $7 billion

China = market for American companies e.g. KFC, Coca-cola, Amex

Trade slowed after 1989 – USA imposed partial trade and arms embargoes however US business and industrial interest flourished under Sino-American trade

Significance of Peaceful return of HK (4+ year)

1997

• HK’s economic prowess = boost China

• Removes last memory of 19th C Western imperialism

• return = emblematic of China’s progress (negotiations show standing up to foreign powers)

• Portrayed as internationally tolerant (allowing Hk to maintain capitalist practices)

Features of negotiations for HK return (8)

• 99 yr lease China granted Britain on extension of HK set to expire 1997

• HK had blossomed from Chinese shipping port to an economic powerhouse and model of capitalist grandeur

• Deng refused to allow Britain to keep HK/control day-to-day running but allow China to re-assume control (stands up to Western powers)

• Joint Agreement signed 1984 in which Britain accepted China’s claims to HK and arranged return to China

• China agreed to turn it into a Special Administrative Region (SAR) and could govern itself - “One China, two systems” model portrays China as pragmatic and flexible

• After Tiananmen Square HK feared their future and pro-democracy protests broke out

• Britain introduced democratic reforms before returning HK to China which angered the PRC and unnerved HK businessmen who didn’t want to antagonise the mainland

• China made it clear that after 1997 would disregard any British reforms and passed a Basic Law entrenching the 1984 Joint Agreement guarantees