Seeded Plant Reproduction

male gametophyte of seeded plants

microgametophyte (pollen)

how many cells does a microgametophyte have

2 cells

female gametophyte

megagametophyte (embro sac)

very tough outer covering that is resistant to water, UV, chemical, and enzyme degradation

exine

inner cover of cellulose on pollen that is like a normal cell wall

intine

a cell that eventually forms a tube into an ovule on pollen

tube cell

a cell that divides to form two sperm once pollination occurs on pollen

generative cell

3 cells opposite the egg in the embryo sac

antipodals

two cells next to the egg in the embryo sac

synergids

two nuclei to be fertilized and become the endosperm in the embryo sac

polar nuclei

one cell to be fertilized and become the first cell of the new sporophyte in the embryo sac

egg

where are cones found? what phylum?

gymnosperms

are there separate male and female cones that may or may not be on the same sporophyte

yes

where do male cones make pollen

between the scales

where do female cones house the ovule with the embryo sacs

between the scales

the transfer of pollen from a male to female cone

gymnosperms pollination

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

angiosperm pollination

what if a form of angiosperm pollination where the pollen is transferred to a flower on the same plant

self pollination

what is a form of angiosperm pollination where the pollen is transferred to a different plant

cross pollination

what pollination method is preferred for angiosperms

cross pollination

pollination that has strong fragrances that attract bees and butterflies and has colors that are bright and visible

insect pollination

what color do bees tend to pollinate

yellow-purple

what is the reward for bees that pollinate flowers

nectar

what type of pollination is when birds and bats pollinate flowers

vertebrate pollination

what animal needs flowers to be detectable at night with strong fragrances and large flowers with lots of nectar to pollinate

bats

what animals need flowers to be easily accessible while flying as well as long tubes of nectar at base to ensure pollen gets on them

birds

What is the type of pollination that there is no need for colors, fragrances, or nectar, and where the stamen or microsporangia stick out of flowers and emerge froim leaves with large feathery stigmas

wind pollination

when the zygote divides during embryogenesis to form something that attaches to the rest of the seed and ovule

suspensor

when the zygote divides during embryogenesis to form something that will eventually grow into a new sporophyte

embryo

When the zygote divides during embryogenesis to form something that is a leaf like structure that grows off the embryo that can replace the endosperm to store energy

cotyledon

moisture, light, cold, fire, or chemical treatments can all cause the seed to what?

germinate

fruit is the mother sporophyte ovarian tissue

pericarp

outside layer of pericarp that develops fruit

exocarp

middle layer of pericarp that develops fruit

mesocarp

inside layer of pericarp that develops fruit

endocarp

one or more fuzed ovaries with fleshy outer pericarp and 1+ seeds in ovary

true berries

single ovary/seed and the endocarp becomes a hard pit

drupes

carpel forms a shell covering and the seeds are attached at one point and is dry by maturity

legumes

multiple ovaries with 1 seed in each that do not fuse and has a continuing pericarp

aggregate fruits

carpals form thin strucutres for wind dispersal

samaras

multiple separate flowers’ carpels fuse together

multiple fruits

what is the fruit dispersal where the fruit that is lightweight with wings or parachutes

wind

what is the fruit dispersal where where the fruit is low density nad bouyant

water

What is the fruit dispersal where there is a fleshy nutritious pericarp and the seed cannot be digested

animals

what is the asexual reproduction where the new individuals are cloned from adults from specialized buds

vegetative reproduction

unfertilized seeds

apomixis

examples of vegetative reproducers

runners and bulbs

what is the artifical asexual reproductive method where a stem of one species is attached to another

grafting

what is the artifical asexual reproductive method where the stem is removed and planting it

cuttings

what is the artifical asexual reproductive method where a stem is taken and burying it in the soil

layering

what plant lives longer? woody plants or green herbaceous plants?

woody plants

plants that are able to flower and produce seeds for an indefinitte number of growing seasons

perennial plants

type of plants when the leaves that fall ata particular time of year

deciduous plants

type of plants when the leaves drop throughout the year

evergreen plants

plants that grow, flower. and form fruits and seeds and die within one growing season/ suually herbaceous plants

annual plants

the process that leads to the death of a plant

senescence

plants that have a two year lie cycle when they store energy for the first year and flower the second year

biennial plants