Healthcare Philosophies & Ethics Healthcare Exam Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering healthcare history, medical types, anatomy, body systems, nutrition, and laboratory indicators.

Dark Ages Medicine

A period where medicine was largely prohibited and based mainly on prayer and herbal remedies.

Average Lifespan during the Dark Ages

Approximately $20-30$ years.

Renaissance Medicine

A period where human dissection became accepted, greatly improving knowledge of anatomy and physiology.

$16^{th}$ and $17^{th}$ Century Medicine

A period that saw the first successful blood transfusions.

Hippocratic Oath

A pledge taken by physicians to practice ethically, help patients, avoid harm, and maintain confidentiality.

Western Medicine

Treatment provided by doctors and nurses using scientifically proven methods.

Alternative Medicine

Medicine used instead of conventional medicine; examples include chiropractic and acupuncture.

Traditional Medicine

The sum of knowledge, beliefs, skills, and experiences indigenous to different cultures.

Complementary Medicine

Medicine used alongside conventional medicine, usually not part of a country's traditional medical system.

Indigenous Medicine

Healing practices unique to specific cultures and geographic areas, combining local knowledge, traditional science, and wisdom.

Double-Blind Study

A research study where neither the participant nor the researcher knows who receives the treatment.

Single-Blind Study

A research study where the participant does not know if they are receiving treatment, but the researcher does.

MMR Vaccine Scandal

A fraudulent study that falsely linked the MMR vaccine to autism, which was later retracted after causing decreased vaccination rates.

Sagittal Plane

An anatomical plane that divides the body into right and left portions.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

An anatomical plane that divides the body into front and back portions.

Transverse Plane

An anatomical plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions.

Superior

Toward the head or above another structure.

Inferior

Toward the feet or below another structure.

Anterior

Toward the front of the body.

Posterior

Toward the back of the body.

Medial

Closer to the body’s midline.

Lateral

Farther from the body’s midline.

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment of a limb.

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment of a limb.

Superficial

Closer to the body’s surface.

Deep

Farther from the body’s surface.

Ventral

Toward the belly/front.

Dorsal

Toward the back.

Prone

Lying face down.

Supine

Lying face up.

Axial Skeleton

The division of the skeleton consisting of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Appendicular Skeleton

The division of the skeleton consisting of the arms, legs, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle.

Red Marrow

Bone component that produces red blood cells, platelets, and some white blood cells.

Yellow Marrow

Bone component that stores fat and produces some white blood cells.

Endosteum

Membrane lining the medullary cavity that helps maintain marrow and produces some bone growth.

Periosteum

Tough outer membrane containing blood vessels and osteoblasts, important for growth, repair, and nutrition.

Adult Bone Number

Adults have $206$ bones.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle that forms the wall of the heart.

Smooth (Visceral) Muscle

Involuntary muscle found in internal organs.

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary muscle attached to bones.

Origin

The part of the muscle that does not move during contraction.

Insertion

The end of the muscle that moves during contraction.

Chlamydia

A bacterial infection characterized by painful urination, discharge, or sometimes no symptoms.

Cerebrum

Brain structure that controls thought, memory, voluntary movement, and senses.

Frontal Lobe

Part of the brain responsible for reasoning, speech, and movement.

Parietal Lobe

Part of the brain responsible for touch and sensory interpretation.

Temporal Lobe

Part of the brain responsible for hearing and memory.

Occipital Lobe

Part of the brain responsible for vision.

Cerebellum

Part of the brain responsible for balance and coordination.

Thalamus

Relay station for sensory information.

Hypothalamus

Brain structure that maintains homeostasis.

Pons

Brain structure that helps regulate breathing and sleep.

Medulla Oblongata

Brain structure that controls heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure.

Meninges

Protective coverings of the brain and spinal cord consisting of the dura mater and pia mater.

Somatic Nervous System

Division of the nervous system that controls voluntary movements.

Autonomic Nervous System

Division of the nervous system that controls involuntary functions.

Afferent Signals

Signals that carry sensory information to the central nervous system.

Efferent Signals

Signals that carry motor commands away from the central nervous system.

Endocardium

The inner lining of the heart.

Myocardium

The thick muscular middle layer of the heart.

Pericardium

The double-layered outer sac of the heart.

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

Cells that carry oxygen with a lifespan of approximately $120$ days.

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Cells responsible for fighting infection.

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

Cells responsible for clotting with a lifespan of approximately $7-10$ days.

Sebaceous Glands

Glands that produce oil known as sebum.

Sudoriferous Glands

Glands that produce sweat.

Right Lung

Lung consisting of $3$ lobes.

Left Lung

Lung consisting of $2$ lobes.

Diaphragm

The primary muscle responsible for breathing.

Bile

Substance that emulsifies fats.

Proteins (Nutrient)

Nutrient required for growth and repair, providing $4$ calories per gram.

Carbohydrates

The main energy source providing $4$ calories per gram.

Fats (Nutrient)

Nutrient for long-term energy storage providing $9$ calories per gram.

Benedict’s Solution

Chemical used to detect simple sugars; a positive result is orange/red.

Iodine Solution

Chemical used to detect starch; a positive result is blue-black.

Biuret Solution

Chemical used to detect proteins; a positive result is purple.

Sudan III/IV

Chemical used to detect lipids (fats); a positive result is a red-stained layer.