Chapter 27: Male Reproductive System

What are the functions of the reproductive system (4)

1. store

2. nurish

3. produce

4. transport

gametes (reproductive cells0

Fertilization is what

the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and ovum) to for a zygote

Gondas are what

primary sex organs (reproductive organs), testies and ovary

accessory glands and organs to reproductive system are what (3)

1. ducts

2. glands

3. external genitalia

what kind of chromosomes do males have

XY (Y chromosome has SRY gene that codes for it being male), can have Y chromosome present with no SRY gene and have a female presenting child

Failure to make or respond to testosterone and other male hormones during early stages of development results in what

results in development of a person anatomically becoming female (androgen insensitivity)

Failure to make or respond to testosterone after early stages of development results in formation of what

female secondary sexual characteristics like breasts, widen hips, ect.

male gonads produce what (2)

testies produce spermatozoa and male hormones (androgens): testosterone

Write out the pathway of sperm (7)

seminiferous tubules, rete testi, efferent ductiles, epididymis, ductus deferens, ej duct, urethra

what are the accessory glands that add secretions into the ejaculate (3)

1. seminal vesicles (largest amount)

2. proastate gland (30%)

3. buluurethral gland (pre-ejaculate)

external genitalia of male repro. (2)

penis and scrotum

Testes develop where and are attached to what and called what

inside of body near kidneys, attach to posterior wall of the peritoneum, called gubernaculum testes

testies decend throught where and when does this happen

decend through inguinal canal into scrotum during fetal development

testies are connected to what that contain what (3)

spermatic cord which contains blood vessels, vas defernes, and lymphatics

what is it called when one of more testies doesn’t decend into the scrotum

cryptorchidism

Scrotum is separated into two sacs by what

raphe (dividing line)

Muscles of testies and jobs (2)

1. dartos muscle: smooth muscle, wrinkles sac

2. cremaster muscle: skeletal muscle, pulls ac close to body

Scrotum preforms what to protect sperm

counter heat exchange: exchnages heat from oxygenated blood going to testies to venous blood returning to body to testies don’t get too hot and kill the sperm

Testies are covered by what membrane layers (2)

tunica vaginalis: serous membrane (akin to peritoneum)

tunica albugenia: collagenous membrane surrouns testies, under tunica vaginalis

septa are made from what

septa are made from the tunica albugenis that make lobes from seminiferous tubules

seminiferous tubules have what, produce what, and have what special cells

have long coiled tubes, produce sperm, and interstitial (leydig) cells between tubules which secrete sex hormones (androgens): testosterone

efferent ducties connect what

rete testies and epididymis

Susentacular cells (nurse cells) maintain what

blood testes barrier

Susentacular cells (nurse cells) support what (2)

mitosis and meiosis after stimualtion by GnRH and FSH, support spermatogenesis

Susentacular cells (nurse cells) secrete what (3)

inhibin: peptide hormone that acts as a negative feedback to prevent secretion of GnRH and FSH

androgen binding protein (ABP): traps androgens to raise their levels

mullerian inhibiting factor: hormone causes regression of mullerian ducts which from uterine tubes and uterus

ductus deferens starts where, goes through where, and elarges where

starts at epidiymis, goes through inguinal canal, enlarges are ampulla

ductus deferenes moves sperm how and can store sperm how long

using peristalsis, can store sperm for several months

urethras of penis in order (3)

1. prostatic urethra

2. membranous urthra

3. spongey urethra

seminal vesicles contribute how much to volume of semen

65-75%

seminal vesicles secretion contain (4)

1. fructose

2. prostaglandins

3. fibrogen (prosemenogelin)

4. alkaline secretion

semeinal vesicles causes what for sperm and what is it the start of

caused motility for sperm, first step of capacitation which makes them capable of fertilization

Prostate gland makes up how much volume of seminal fluid

25-30%

prostate gland secretion contains (3)

1. alkaline secrteion

2. seminalplamin (antibiotic)

3. fibronlysin (serine protese) dissolves fibrin

Bulbourethral gland secretes what into seminal volume

alkaline mucus with lubrication properties into the urethra

prepuce (foreskin) produces what

smegma

penis have how many masses of erectile tissue and what are they

2 corpus cavernosa beneath fascia

1 corpus spongiosum around urethra

dilation of erectile tissue causes what

erection

erection is stimulated by what (4)

1. PNS

2. release of nitrix oxide (NO)

3. relaxation of vasuclar smooth muscle

4. increased blood flow

head of sperm has what (2)

nucleus and densly packed chromosomes, acrosomal cap

middle peice of sperm has what (1)

mitochondria that produce that ATP needed to move the tail (uses fructose as its main energy soruce)

tail of sperm is the only what in human body

flagellum

sperm maturation in epidiymis what happens (4)

1. epididymis monitor and adjusts fluid in the seminiferous tubules via absorption and secretion from pseudostratified columnar epithelium

2. stores and protects spermatozoa

3. facilitates functional maturation of spermatozoa and prevent ability to fertilize

4. capacitation: when sperm gain the ability to become motile and fully functional

how much fluid is a normal ejaculate

2-5 ml

how many spermatazoa per ml of ejaculate

50-120 million

how much spermatozoa in ml of ejaculate is considered functionally sterile

20-25 million

how much of ejaculate is actually sperm

2-5%

seminal fluid break down in perecents (4)

seminal vesicles: 65-75%

prostate gland:25-30%

susentacular cells and epidiymis: 5%

buluuethral gland: 1%

enzymes in semen (3) and their job

dissolve vaginal mucus

seminalplasmin: antibiotic

proastatic enzymes: that covert fibrinogen to fibrin (prosemenogelin)

fibrinolysis: (serine protease) dissolve fibrin

GnRH is what

gonadotropin releaseing hormone (causes gonads to release gonagotropins)

GnRH is released from where

hypothalamus in small bursts

GnRH releasing levels are

levels are continuous and released at even levels (does not change throughout month)

GnRH causes the release of what

FSH and LH from the pituitary gland

FSH is what and released from where

follicel stimulating horomone, released from the anterior pituitary

FSH in males targest what and causes what

targets sustentacular cells to release androgen binding proteins and promote spermatogenesis

What kind of lop between GnRH and FSH and inhibin controls spermatogenesis

negative feeback loop

LH is what and released from where

lutenizing hormone, released from anterior pituitary

LH target what cells and causes what

targets interitial cells and triggers the secretion of testosterone and other androgens

Three male androgens

1. testosterone (main)

2. dihydrotestosterone

3. dehydroepiandrosterone (made in adrenal gland)

Androgens (testostrone) are carried by what

albumin (1/3), and gonadal steroid binding globulin (2/3)

androgenes (testosterone) are necessary for what

spermatogenesis and sperm maturation

androgens affect the function of what

CNS (can make you angry faster)

androgens (testosterone) stimulate what (3)

metabolism, ertythopoesis, bone and muscle growth

androgens (testosterone) maintain what

secondary sex characteristics and male acessory organs (epo, vas def)

Draw feedback regulation #1

Draw Feedback Regulation #2 males

fetal testosterone begins when

about 7th week

fetal testosterone affects where and does what (3)

affects hypothalamus

1. sex behavior

2. sex drive

3. programs GnRH, FSH, and LH release

fetal testosterone activates susentacular cells to release what

mullerian inhibiting factors, causes degeneration of mellerian ducts that form uterine tubes and uterus

arousal leads to what and how (3)

erection of penis, parasympathtic outflow over the pelvic nerves, release Ach and NO (PDE5 inhibitors)

emission and expulsion occur how and why

occur under sympathetic control, bulbospongiosus muscle are under somatic control, results in semen begin pushed twoard the urthral opening

detumescence is what

subsidence of erection, mediated by sympathetic nervous system

what happens after climax

levels of testosterone decline, FSH and LH levels rise, gradula resuction in sexual activity