AVIT 414 Summer Session Block 1 Exam

What is the Definition of Learning?

A change in behavior due to an experience.

What are the Characteristics of Learning?

Purposeful

Result of Experience

Multifaceted

Active Process

What is Purposeful Learning?

To be effective, aviation instructors need to find ways to relate new learning to the learner's goals. There needs to be a purpose behind it based on each individuals' goals.

What is Result of Experience Learning?

Learning can only come from the person and that experience. Therefore, in order to learn something new, a person must have their experiences changed.

What is Multifaceted Learning?

While learning the subject at hand, one may be learning other things as well.

What is Active Process Learning?

Learning takes more than just sitting in a classroom. It takes understanding and applying that knowledge.

What are the Defense mechanisms?

Repression

Denial

Compensation

Projection

Rationalization

Reaction Formation

Fantasy

Displacement

What is Repression?

Place uncomfortable thoughts into an inaccessible area of the unconscious mind.

What is denial?

Rejection on Truth

What is Compensation?

Disguise undesirable quality by emphasizing a more positive one.

What is Projection?

An individual places his or her own unacceptable impulses onto someone else.

What is rationalization?

Justify unacceptable behavoir

What is reaction formation?

Individual develops behaviors/attitudes that are opposite of what is desired.

What is Fantasy?

Student engages in daydreaming about how things should be than reality.

What is Displacement?

Unconscious shift of emotion, affect or desire from the original object to a more acceptable, less threatening substitute.

What are the 2 learning theories?

Behaviorism

Cognitive theory

What is the difference between Behaviorism and Cognitive Theory?

Behaviorism looks at how we act, while cognitive theory examines how we think.

What is Behaviorism?

All human behavior was learned. This is learning as a result of influences from past experiences.

What is Cognitive Theory

Cognitive theory focuses on what is going on inside the mind. It is more concerned with cognition (the process of thinking and learning)—knowing, perceiving, problem-solving, decision-making, awareness, and related intellectual activities.

Factors that affect perception

GSTEP

Goals and values

Self-concept

Time and opportunity

Element of threat

Physical organism

Laws of Learning

REEPIR

Readiness

Exercise

Effect

Primacy

Intensity

Recency

Law of Readiness

associated with the belief that students learn easier when they want to learn (homework, quizzes)

Law of Exercise

the more an act or response is used in a given situation, the more strongly the act becomes associated with that situation (practice makes perfect/repition)

Law of Effect

The principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences (Recognize students hard work paying off)

Law of Primacy

The state of being first, often creates a strong, almost unshakeable impression. Was added to Thorndike's S-R theory of Connectionism.

Law of Intensity

The more intense the material taught, the more it is likely learned

Law of Recency

Things most recently learned are best remembered

What are the domains of learning?

1. Cognitive

2. Affective

3. Psychomotor

What is the Cognitive domain?

The cognitive domain refers to the mental skills and knowledge acquisition aspects of learning, including processes such as remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating. It encompasses the intellectual capabilities and thinking skills that enable individuals to process information, solve problems, and make decisions.

What is the affective domain?

This describes the emotional behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes of the participant. These all shape a person's feelings about exercise, and can be positively affected by the CFI.

What is the psychomotor domain?

learning of a new procedure or skill; often called the doing domain

What are the basic levels of learning?

Rote

Understanding

Application

Correlation

What is rote?

Ability to repeat something but not know the meaning

What is understanding?

Comprehend the meaning of something

What is application?

Act of putting something together that has been learned and understood

What is correlation?

Using what you have learned and applying to other parts of your learning

Real world example of correlation

Recognizing how changes in factors like aircraft weight, temperature, or pressure altitude affect the optimal Vy speed, and adjusting climb procedures accordingly to maintain optimal climb performance.

What is a learning plateau?

A phenomenon where progress slows or stops before increasing

How can a learning plateau be solved?

Introduce variations in training exercises

seek feedback from instructors to identify areas for improvement

set new goals

explore alternative learning approaches to stimulate further skill development.

What is Scenario-Based Training (SBT)?

Method that uses a highly structured script of real world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment.

What is transfer of learning?

Influence of previous experience on learning a new skill and performing a skill in a new context

What is positive transfer?

the beneficial effect of prior learning on the learning of a new skill or the performance of a skill in a new context

What is negative transfer?

When the learning and performance of one skill hinders the learning and performance of another skill

Basic elements of Communication

Source

Symbols

Receiver

What is source?

Sender, speaker, writer, encoder, transmitter, or instructor

What is symbols?

Words, signs, pictures, or props to convey the sources message

What is Receiver?

listener, reader, decoder, or learner

What are barriers to effective communication?

(COIL)

Confusion between symbol and symbolized object

Overuse of abstractions

Interference

Lack of common experience

Lack of common experience

The lack of common experience among flight crew members from different cultural backgrounds can lead to miscommunication and misunderstandings during critical phases of flight.

Tools from Instructors toolbox (Only need to know 4 for test 1)

Do not interrupt

Do not judge

Think before answering

Be close enough to them

Why is W&B important?

Safety

Stability

Controllability

Adequate Performance

Efficiency

Common Errors of W&B

Finding and using proper empty weight information

Unable to determine CG location

Mathematical errors

Unable to bring CG back into limits if outside

Can only do problem through one method

Why do you need to know Aircraft Performance?

Safety

Operational Limitations

Required by Law

Factors that Affect Performance

Air Density

Temperature

Aircraft Design

Propeller Blade Angle

Pilot Technique

Aircraft Configuration

Aircraft Weight

Wind

Runway Conditions

Turbulence

How does Forward C.G. affect performance?

Slower

Lower Range

Longer Takeoff Distance

Increased Stability

Lower Stall Speed

How does AFT C.G. affect performance?

Faster Cruise speeds

Increased climb rates

Greater Range

Short Takeoff distance

Less tail down force

Decreased stability

Higher Stall Speed

Four Forces of Flight

Weight

lift

thrust

drag

Factors affecting Stall Speed

Weight

CG location

Flaps

Power

Ice

Axis of Rotation

Rudder - Yaw - Vertical

Elevator - Pitch - Lateral

Aileron - Roll - Longitudinal

What is a Spin?

The result of an aggravated stall condition

Stages of a Spin

Entry - Where the aircraft is stalled and yaw

Incipient - Period where the aircraft begins spinning to where the forces of a spin are complete equilibrium to where control inputs are made to recover from spin

Developed - period of where forces are in equilibrium

Recovery - Period of corrective control input to return to normal flight

Spin Recovery Procedure

Rudder - Full Opposite direction of Spin

Control Wheel - Full forward and ailerons neutral

Throttle - Idle

Rudder - Neutral

Ailerons - Full Back Pressure

Throttle - As required

Forces in a Turn

Be able to draw it!

Slip vs Skid Forces

A slipping turn occurs when the horizontal lift component is greater than the centrifugal force of the aircraft.

A skidding turn occurs when the centrifugal force is greater than the horizontal lift component of the aircraft.

What is the point called when all axis meet?

Center of Gravity

What is the difference between the Induced Drag and Parasite Drag?

Induced = byproduct of lift

How does age affect learning

With age, humans move from dependency to self-direction

Motivation

The reason one acts or behaves in a certain way and lies at the heart of goals.

Negative Reinforcement

Less effective but sometimes necessary

Positive Reinforcement

Most beneficial

Instructor actions for learning plateau

1. Ask new learners about their aviation training goals.

2. Reward incremental successes in learning.

3. Present new challenges.

4. Occasionally remind learners about their own stated goals for aviation training

5. Assure learners that learning plateaus are normal and that improvement will resume with continued effort.

Biological/Physcological Defense Mechaisms

Adrenaline, heart rate

Anxiety, brain fog

Normal Reaction to Stress

Fight/flight, rapid reaction based on level of experience, check ride nerves

Abnormal reaction to stress

Over cooperation, laughing/singing, anger, mood swings

Barriers to communication

Interference

Overuse of abstractions

Confusion between symbol and object

Lack of common experience (most important)

Higher Order Thinking

ADM

Insight

Group perceptions together

Teaching Adults

Goal oriented, self driven

Types of Practice

Deliberate: Get good at specific thing

Blocked: Repetition (good short-term but not long)

Random: Throw everything at the student to mess up their flow (SBT)

Types of errors

Slips: Trying to do right thing but messing up

Mistake: Intending to do the wrong thing (isn’t aware) but succeeded accidentally

Memeory

Encoding

Storing

Retrieving

Types of Memory

Sensory

Working

Short

Long

Recall

Fading

Forgetting things when you don’t use them

Interference

Similar experiences overlap and you can’t distinguish what really happened

Retrieval Failure

Failure to put something in long-term memory and then retrieve it (You know you know something, but…),

Repression

An individual doesn’t want to remember something

Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance

Air Density

Pressure

Temp

Humidity

Wind

Pilot Technique

Flaps

Increase camber of wing

More lift at same airspeed

Airport Environment Factors

Sloped

Contaminated

Grass

Weight Effects

Higher weight=need more lift=Higher AOA

Higher stall speed

More stable

Forward CG

More longitudinal stability

Less fuel efficient

Higher stall speed

Good recovery characteristics

Aft CG

Less longitudinal stability

More fuel efficent

Lower stall speed

Bad recovery

Weight Shift Formula

Weight Shifted / total weight = Change of CG / Distance arm moves

Weight addition Formula

Weight added or removed / Total Weight = Change of CG / Distance between new weight arm and old CG

3 - 6 Rule

3 times altitude to lose = miles out to start descent

6 times GS = Rate of Descent

Flip for jets

Human Needs

Physiological, Safety, Belonging, Esteem, Self-Actualization

Lift Equation

L=Cl 1/2p v^2 Surface area of wing

AoA Definition

where RW meets the chord line

Angle of incidence

Chord line and longitudinal axis

T/F Pitch attitude on the attitude indicator is the AoA

FALSE