Orthopaedic Biomechanics Practice Exam Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards based on the MEDI-H503 Orthopaedic Biomechanics written theory exam answers.

Foot Plantar-flexion

The extension of the entire foot inferiorly.

Foot eversion

The rotation of the sole of the foot away from the median plane.

Healthy Synovial Joint Friction Coefficient

The friction between articular cartilages can be very low, reaching up to $0.01$.

Hand pronation

The rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position.

Tendons vs. Ligaments

Tendons connect muscle to bone; ligaments connect bone to bone.

Hematopoiesis

The biological function responsible for the formation of red blood cells.

Sagittal plane

The anatomical plane that subdivides the left side of the body from the right side.

Coronal plane

The anatomical plane that subdivides the front side of the body from the back side.

Joint flexion

A motion that decreases the angle between two body parts.

Joint adduction

A motion that pulls a structure or part toward the midline of the body.

Joint contact forces

In biomechanics, these are considered external forces, similar to external surface contact.

Pure bending (single material)

A state where horizontal and vertical lines remain straight after deformation, and there are always regions in tension and regions in compression.

Force reduction methods

Methods used to deal with muscle redundancy by hypothesizing certain muscular forces to be zero.

Hertz theory assumptions

Assumes the contact is frictionless, contact areas are small compared to body size, and elastic moduli are similar; it does not assume the geometry of the two bodies is the same.

Quasi-static analysis

A series of static analyses performed in different positions when inertia is negligible.

Forward dynamics

A process where all the forces are known and the unknowns are the motions of the segments.

Orthotropic material

A material whose properties are different in three mutually perpendicular directions.

Material Stiffness

The ratio between the force and the displacement in the linear elastic region.

Huiskes's model

A bone remodeling model based on the Strain Energy Density that considers the dead zone (lazy zone).

Cortical bone strength hierarchy

Cortical bone is weakest in shear, then tension, and strongest in compression.

Bone cells (Apposition vs. Erosion)

Osteoblasts are responsible for bone apposition, while osteoclasts are responsible for bone erosion.

Transversally Isotropic material

A material where the response in one direction is different from the response in the other two directions.

Isotropic material

A material where any material constant can be expressed as a function of the Young's Modulus and Bulk Modulus.

Maxwell model

A viscoelastic fluid model consisting of a spring and dashpot in series.

Kelvin-Voight model

A viscoelastic model consisting of a spring and dashpot in parallel used to describe creep and recovery.

Lordotic curvature

A curvature that is posterior concave and is present in the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine.

Kyphotic curvature

A curvature that is anterior concave and present in the thoracic and sacrum regions of the spine.

Motion segment

The functional unit of the spine constituted by two adjacent vertebrae and the associated soft tissues.

Sterno clavicular joint

A synovial double-plane joint that provides mobility on the thorax to enhance shoulder joint mobility.

Gleno-humeral labrum

An anatomical structure that improves gleno-humeral stability by increasing contact area and deepening the glenoid socket.

Convergence analysis

A numerical check performed to ensure the independence of results from the mesh element size.