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A collection of vocabulary-style flashcards covering the major pronoun types and key concepts from the lecture notes, translated into English for exam review.
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Pronoun
A lexicogrammatical class of words with no independent semantic content, used to stand for entities present in or implied by the discourse.
Personal pronoun
A subtype referring to the speaker, the addressee, or a third person; includes accentuated (stressed) and, for some cases, unaccented (clitic) forms; Romanian doubles direct/indirect objects with a clitic.
Personal pronoun proper (prospective term)
Personal pronouns that are used as stand-ins for people (e.g., dânsul/dânsa); some grammars treat these as non-politeness pronouns while others classify them differently or as polite forms.
Polite pronoun
Forms expressing respect toward the addressee; do not have first-person forms; examples include formal address terms like Domnia Voastră; older forms (e.g., mata) are rare or ironic.
Clitic
Unaccented, bound pronoun forms that attach to a neighboring word to double a direct or indirect object (e.g., unstressed pronoun forms).
Reflexive pronoun
A pronoun referring back to the subject; 3rd person has own full forms (pe sine, sine, sie/și, își) in Acc/Dat; 1st/2nd person borrow forms from the personal pronoun (mă, te, ne, vă, etc.).
Reflexive pronoun in two ipostases
Two syntactic realizations: (1) reflexive that has a syntactic position of its own (clitic) and can be doubled by an accented pronoun; (2) non-syntactic reflexive used as a formant of verbs (e.g., se teme de crocodil) or passive/impersonal diatheses.
Adjectival possessive pronoun
A possessive form that acts as an adjective modifying a noun; Romanian analyses treat units like ai mei as combination of a pronoun plus a possessive determinant; the forms ai, mei function as semiindependent pronoun + adjectival possessive determinant.
Possessive pronoun
A pronoun expressing possession; often realized as a two-part sequence where one element substitutes a noun (ai) and the other acts as a determiner (mei), functioning as semiindependent + possessive adjective.
Demonstrative pronoun
A pronoun indicating proximity or distance (this/these vs that/those) and identity/differentiation; non-person category; has gender, number, and case; includes both standard forms (acesta/aceștia, acela/aceea) and colloquial forms (ăsta/ăștia).
Indefinite pronoun
Pronouns referring to non-specific persons/things; simple (tot, altul, unu, mult, destul, cutare, etc.) and compound (oricât, câtva, vreunul, oricine, fiecare, cineva, cineva, etc.); some function as adjectives; niște can function as both adjective and morpheme.
Negative pronoun
Pronouns expressing negation; simple (nimeni, nimic) and compound (niciunul, niciuna, niciunii, niciunele); compound forms can also function as adjectives (niciun, nicio).
Relative pronoun
Pronoun that links a subordinate clause to its governance; forms include care, cine, ce, cât(ă/i/e) and che zaea (ceea ce); position is determined by the subordinate clause; when direct object, care takes the marker pe.
Interrogative pronoun
Forms used in questions: care, ce, cine, cât(ă/i/e), al câtelea; appear in partial interrogatives; cine cannot be an adjective pronoun; in reported speech they may acquire relative-interrogative traits.
Semiindependent pronoun
Forms al and cel used in special contexts: (1) as substitutes for nouns needing a syntactic complement; (2) as morphosyntactic connectors (al for possessive/genitive article, cel for adjectival/article); (3) as formants in ordinal numbers and degree expressions.
Cel (semiindependent pronoun)
Demonstrative semiindependent pronoun used as a determinant in constructions like the second/most/other forms; combines with ordinal numerals and degree expressions.
Intensive pronoun forms (insul/însă/însa/însuși/însăși)
Forms traditionally treated as intensifiers; in modern Romanian they function as adjectives pronominals and occupy attributive positions; used to emphasize the noun they accompany.
Dintru/Intru/Printru prepositional forms (with pronouns)
Preposed forms that combine with certain reflexive or personal pronouns, e.g., dintr-însul, într-însa, printr-însele, used to bind negation or possession in context.