HIST 1010 Morris Bian Exam 2

plato

- Socrates's student

- grew up during peloponnesian war (431-404 BC)

- witnessed the collapse of the empire, brutality of tyrants, execution of his master Socrates, revival of democracy in Athens

- developed hatred for Athenian democracy and profound distrust of ordinary people's ability to tell right from wrong

Theory of Ideal Forms

only the world of ideal and eternal forms is genuine and real, the world we live in is only a pale and imperfect reflection of the world of ideal and eternal forms

The Republic

first major work of Utopian literature

- First Group (slaves) implied but never discussed

- Second Group consists of farmers, craftsmen, and tradesmen

- Third Group are Auxiliaries

- Fourth Group, Guardians

utopia

an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect

Auxiliaries

in part self-perpetuating and in part recruited from the most promising children of slaves

Guardians

selected from the best of auxiliaries' children, undertake the task of governing upon complete training, governing elite

Aristotle

(384-322 BC) Plato's pupil

- believed in the existence of ideal form and that form and matter were inseparable

- developed a moral philosophy

- believed the potentiality of human beings is the capacity to reason

Plato Academy

school founded by Plato in Athens to train statesmen and citizens.

Theory of Form & Matter

- Form: universal principle or ultimate reality

- Matter: material manifestation of universal principle or ultimate reality

- Aristotle believed these were inseparable

The Politics

written by aristotle, identified 3 good forms of gov't:

- monarchy

- aristocracy

- constitutional gov't

potential problems:

- monarchy can lead to tyranny

- aristocracy can lead to oligarchy

- constitutional gov't can lead to radical democracy or anarchy

Mediterranean Triad

grains, olives, and grapevine

greek colonization

- caused by population pressure which was further strained by already scarce resources

- established around the Black sea coast

- by 6th cent. colonies were more populated than the greek peninsula itself

Romulus & Remus

Aeneas's descendents

- almost did not survive infancy, as an evil uncle abandoned them by the flooded Tiber River

- the two were saved by a she-wolf

- Romulus founded Rome (753 BC) and established himself as its first king

Etruscans

first people to dominate Italy, 8th-5th cent. BC

- Etruscan league of 12 cities

- last Etruscan king expelled by Romans in 509

consuls

served as supreme civil and military magistrates

praetor

office created in 365 BC: assistant consul, annually elected magistrate, ranking below but having approx. the same functions as a consul

Roman Senate

selected group of 300 men from leading families who served for life

Assembly of Centuries

military assemblies

Assembly of Tribes

nonmilitary civilian assembly

- each tribe received on vote

- once a majority of tribes voted the same way on a given measure, voting ended: matter decided

Republic

political system or form of gov't in which the supreme power is in the hands of representatives elected by the ppl

patricians

noble families, 5-7%

plebeians

common ppl

struggle of Orders

social division in the roman republic: a class struggle

key episodes:

- institution of two new officials (tribunes)

- passage of a law allowing the right of intermarriage b/w patricians and plebeians (445 BC)

- passage of another law making decisions by the assembly of tribes binding on entire Roman community (284

tribunes

officials elected by the plebians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates (494 BC)

optimates

controlled senate, wished to maintain oligarchal privileges and weaken the power of the popular assemblies

populares

other amibitious aristocrats who used popular assemblies as an instrument to break optimates' dominance

latifundia

great landed estates specializing in agriculture destined for export: grain, olive oil, or wine

- fall of small farmers, resulted in the forming of a large class of laborers who possessed no property and constituted a new urban proletariat

Gracchi brothers

Tiberius and Gaius who made a reform attempt in ancient Rome (133-121 BC), killed by the elite as a result

Tiberius Gracchus

- elected tribune in 113 BC

- first Populare

- offered the solution of a radical program of land redistribution benefitting small farmers, limiting the property rights of the haves and gave some to the have-nots

Gaius Gracchus

- elected tribune 123-122 BC

- presided over Plebeian Council

Gaius Marius

roman consul, during 2nd cent. recruited an army from the landless rural residents and urban workers

Lucius Sulla

"Blond Butcher of Rome", leader of the roman aristocrats who organized armies of the rural and urban poor to protect their interests

Julius Caesar

(100-44 BC)

- began the process by which Rome replaced its Republican constitution w/ a centralized imperial form of gov't

- sponsored battles b/w gladiators and wild animals in the 60s BC

- made himself dictator for life by 46 BC

- centralized military and political functions, distributed confiscated land to army veterans, launched large-scale building projects to provide employment for the urban poor

- stabbed to death in 44 BC by Roman senators

Gaul

An ancient region and Roman province that included most of present-day France, conquered by Julius Caesar

Gaius Octavian

Caesar's heir/grandnephew who took the western part of Rome

Mark Anthony

Caesar's ally and assistant who took the eastern part of Rome

- entered into an alliance w/ Egyptian Queen Cleopatra

Cleopatra

last pharaoh of Egypt, had relationships with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony

Battle of Actium

31 BC, marked the end of Roman Republic

Agustus/Octavian

(27 BC - 14 CE), first emperor of Roman Empire

- accumulated vast powers and took responsibility for all important gov'tal functions

- created new standing army and appointed commanders who pledged allegiance directly to the emperor

- placed individuals loyal to him to all important positions

Diocletian

Roman emperor 284 C.E

- division of the empire into four prefectures: Gaul, Italy, Illyricum, East

- tetrarchy

tetrarchy

rule of four // four ppl sharing power simultaneously

hebrews

the ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham

~ 1300 BC, left Egypt for Palestine under Moses

- dominated the territory b/w Syria and Sinai peninsula during the reigns of David and Solomon

Abraham

Hebrew Patriarch, a native Sumerian from Ur in Mesopotamia

Moses

prophet and law giver

Yahweh

Hebrew God, the creator and sustainer of the world

monotheism

belief in one god

Judaism

monotheistic religion originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people, Yahweh is responsible for the world and everything within it, preserved their early history in the Old Testament

Jesus of Nazareth

a teacher and prophet born in bethlehem and active in nazareth, his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity

Pontius Pilate

Roman governor who sentenced Jesus to crucifixion

New Testament

last twenty-seven books of the Bible written in apostolic times, which have the life, teachings, Passion, death, Resurrection, and Ascension of Jesus Christ and the beginnings of the Church as their central theme

Old Testament

first forty-six books of the Bible that record the history of salvation from Creation until the time of Christ

Paul of Tarsus

second founder of Christianity

- Jewish Rabbi from Tarsus of Anatolia

- converts included Gentiles

- conceived of Christianity as a universal religion

- developed a comprehensive Christian theology that the death and resurrection of Christ became the culminating event in the history of human civilization

- demanded individuals to observe high moral standards and to place their faith ahead of personal and family interests

Damascus

capital of Syria

Antioch

The first community that included both Jewish and Gentile followers of Jesus was established in this city

Gentile

one who is not of Jewish faith or is not of the Jewish nation: non Jews

Edicts of Diocletian

- the destruction of Christian churches

- the burning of Christian scriptures

- the imprisonment of Christian clergy

- the sentence to death for all those who refused to sacrifice to Roman gods

Constantine the Great

the first roman emperor to profess christianity, considered himself to be the 13th apostle

Battle of Milvian Bridge

Constantine saw a flaming cross, led to conversion to Christianity

Edict of Milan

(313 CE) officially declared the imperial policy of tolerating Christianity

- gave Christian and all others the freedom to follow the religion they favored

Theodosius the Great

(346-395 CE) Roman emperor who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire

Germanic peoples

originally coming from Scandinavia, had moved to the areas north of Rhine and Danube rivers by the beginning of the CE

Kingdom of Ostrogoths

Eastern German people

Kingdom of Visigoths

Western German people

Kingdom of the Franks

- Established by Clovis

- by a.d. 510, there was a powerful new kingdom

- adopted Christianity

- attracted the allegiance of the Christian population of the former Roman Empire and the recognition/support of the Western Christian Church

- assumed by the Carolingian dynasty in the early 8th cent

Clovis

5th century Frankish leader of a large kingdom who converted to Christianity (baptized in 497 CE)

Pippin the Short

founded the Carolingian Dynasty

Carolingian Dynasty

a Frankish dynasty founded by Pippin the Short that ruled from 751 to 987

Papacy

central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head

Theocratic Monarchy

a form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler

Charlemagne

succeeded Pippin the Short as King of the Franks in 768

- brought about administrative centralization by relying on aristocratic deputies, "counts", to maintain order and stability in local society

- had to travel throughout the empire in order to maintain authority as he did not have a permanent capital (itinerant court)

- appointed Missi Dominici

counts

Charlemagne's officials who helped him administer the far-flung reaches of his empire

Missi Dominici

"Envoys of the Lord Ruler", appointed by Charlemagne to maintain control over local officials and prevent their integration into provincial aristocracy

Muslims

a follower of the religion of Islam

Magyars

descendants of a nomadic people from central Asia who had settled in Hungary

- invaded Carolingian empire 9th cent.

vikings

came from the North Sea, outstanding sailors famous for their shallow-draft boats

feudalism

political and social order of societies that decentralized public authority and responsibility rather than vest them in a central gov't

lord

a person in feudal Europe who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals

vassal

in exchange for a benefice, owes the lord loyalty, obedience, and military service, in a relationship characterized by reciprocity

benefice

a grant of land or other privilege to a vassal

serf

laborer bound under the feudal system to work on the lord's estate

- owed obligations such as labor services and rent of goods

manors

large estate, developed as principle form of agricultural organization in Western Europe as a result of serfdom

bishop

successors of of Peter (came to be known as popes)

- had special power

- headed Christian communities in 4 cities: Rome, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch

Pope

head of the Roman Catholic Church

Gregory the Great

- defined the scope of the pope's power and authority through a series of actions in response to threats posed by Lombards

- laid the foundation for the papal states, 754-1870 CE

Papal States

group of territories in central Italy ruled by the popes from 754 until 1870.

- originally given to the papacy by Pepin the Short

- reached their greatest extent in 1859

- last one, the Vatican City, was formally established as a separate state by the Lateran Treaty of 1929

monasticism

living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a monastic life or system

Benedict of Nursia

(480-547 CE) patriarch of western monasticism

- founded a monastery at Monte Cassino and wrote the Benedictine Rule

Benedictine Rule

established the basic form as well as norms of monastic life

- 4 hrs of collective prayer

- 4 hrs for meditation/private reading

- 6hrs for physical labor

- 10 hrs for eating/sleeping

abbot

"father" // head of a monastery

Donation of Constantine

forged Roman imperial decree by which the 4th century emperor Constantine the Great supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the Pope

Pope Leo III

- called on Charlemagne for help against rebellious nobles in Rome

- made Charlemagne emperor over the Frankish state

- took an oath purging himself of all charges in his trial

Coronation of Charlemagne

demonstrated the supremacy of the religious power of the Roman Catholic Church over the secular power of the Frankish state

lay investiture

practice of secular rulers appointing individuals to ecclesiastical positions, such as bishops, in the Roman Catholic Church

- secular rulers both chose and invested their nominees to church offices w/ the symbols of their office

- prompted reform effort by Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085 CE)

Pope Gregory VII

- attempted to restore autonomy of Christian church by freeing the church from interference by secular rulers in the appointment of church officials

- demanded that King Henry IV give up the institution of lay investiture and excommunicated him

- made King Henry stand in the snow for 3 days before hearing his confession and absolving him

investiture controversy

- represented continued rivalry and power struggle b/w Roman Catholic Church and secular rulers in Western Europe

- led to a compromise called Concordat of Worms

- the idea of separate spheres of church and state emerged for the first time, precisely b/c of the power struggle which laid the intellectual foundation for the separation of church and state in western Europe

Henry IV

Holy Roman Emperor, opposed the pope on the issue of lay investiture, he is excommunicated and traveled to Canossa Castle to personally confess to the Pope

Canossa

- northern Italy city where pope Gregory VII stayed

- Henry IV traveled here in the snow to seek absolution after being excommunicated

Concordat of Worms

(1122 CE) compromise between the king of Franks and the Pope

- a bishop in Germany was first elected by church officials

- after election, the nominee paid homage to the king as his feudal lord, who then invested him w/ the symbols of temporal (secular) office

- a representative of the pope invested the new bishop w/ the symbol of his spiritual office

scholasticism

dominant Christian theological and philosophical school or system of the Middle Ages based on Aristotle and the Church Fathers

- sought to bridge the gap b/w faith and reason

Thomas Aquinas

- born into elite family in Italy ~ 1225

- spent 9 yrs at the Abbey/Monastery at Monte Cassino, he was kidnapped and kept under captivity at the castle of Monte san Giovanni Campano

- attempted to reconcile faith and reason

- 12 of his propositions were condemned, but he saw no contradiction b/w Aristotle and Christian revelation, he saw them as complementary authorities

- canonized in 1323, named doctor (theologian) of the Roman Catholic Church in 1567, and proclaimed the protagonist of orthodoxy at the end of the 19th cent.