AP Human Geography AMSCO Unit 7

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key terms and concepts from the AP Human Geography AMSCO Unit 7 lecture notes.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Assembly Line

A production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks.

Fordism

A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

Post-Fordism

Increased automation on the assembly line that requires workers to perform many jobs.

Primary Sector

The part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment.

Secondary Sector

The part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods.

Tertiary Sector

The part of the economy that involves services rather than goods.

Quaternary Sector

Consists of information workers, including information technology and scientific research.

Quinary Sector

Includes the highest levels of decision making in a society or economy.

Multiplier Effect

The potential for jobs to produce additional jobs.

Bulk-Reducing Industry

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

Bulk-Gaining Industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

Just-in-Time Delivery

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed.

Offshoring

Moving production or support processes to foreign countries.

Agglomeration Economies

The benefits firms reap by locating in close geographical proximity to each other.

Complementarity

When two regions through an exchange of commodities can specifically satisfy each other's demands.

Newly Industrialized Countries

A country that is undergoing or has recently undergone rapid industrialization and economic growth.

Least Cost Theory (Weber)

A theory explaining the optimal location of manufacturing establishments based on minimizing transportation, labor, and agglomeration costs.

Transnational Corporations

Corporations that operate worldwide.

Outsourcing

Removes work from one company and sends it to another company.

Gross National Product (GNP) per capita

The total value of all the goods and services produced by a state in a single year, divided by population.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita

The total value of a state's goods and services produced inside of the country divided by its population.

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita

Measures the total annual income received by residents of a nation divided by its population.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country.

Gini Index

A mathematical formula that measures the amount of economic inequality in a society.

Gender Gap

The discrepancy in opportunities, status, attitudes, etc., between men and women.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A means of measuring the differences in distribution of achievements between men and women.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A measurement held by the UN that calculates the level of development in terms of human welfare.

Stages of Economic Growth Model

A model by Rostow that outlines five stages of economic development.

World Systems Theory

Suggests that MDCs are keeping LDCs poor to maintain power and wealth.

Dependency Model

A model asserting that countries do not exist in isolation, but as part of an intertwined world system.

Core-Periphery Model

A model classifying countries as core, semi-periphery, and periphery.

Sustainable Development

Conducting business in a way that protects the natural environment while making economic progress.

NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations)

Groups not affiliated with any government that are concerned with social movements.

Technopoles

A center of high-tech manufacturing and information-based industry.

Microloans

Very small, often short-term loans made to underdeveloped countries.

Ecotourism

The practice and business of recreational travel based on concern for the environment.

new international division of labor

a recent phenomenon in which the production process transcends

international boundaries; selective transfer of some types of jobs (particularly

low-paid, less skilled workers) from MDCs to LDCs

Maquiladoras

a factory in Mexico that assembles imported materials into finished goods for export

Export Processing Zones (EPZs)

provides corporations with low taxes and less strict labor laws

postindustrial

economy that emphasizes services and technology rather than industry and manufacturing

brownfields

property where reuse is complicated by the presence of hazardous substances from prior use

Rust Belt

the north central and northeastern states where major manufacturing centers were once dominant

Per Capita

per person; total divided by population

Rostow

developed the "Stages of Growth" model of economic development; all countries want to develop but will do so at different paces

modernization model

model of economic development maintains that all countries go through five stages of development

Wallerstein

Suggest that MDCs are keeping LDCs poor to keep power and wealth.; created World Systems Theory

core

economically advantaged countries, high skill jobs, benefits greatly from international trade, dominates periphery and semiperiphery countries

periphery

least developed countries, mostly low skill jobs, labor intensive, provides core and semiperiphery with inexpensive raw materials

semiperiphery

structural position in the world system intermediate between core and periphery