Exam #2 Bisson Medieval History

Peace of God

trying to stop assaults on innocents to reduce violence and redirect it toward infidels- the idea of sanctified violence: some violence is okay because it's for a greater cause

Truce of God

prohibited warfare from Lent to Easter; no warfare on Sunday, Saturday, Friday, Thursday

Clermont

assembly where Pope Urban II delivered a speech calling for the First Crusade- "God Wills It"

Armed Pilgrimage

what crusaders called themselves at the time of the crusades- ironic because the idea of pilgrimage is peaceful

Urban II

Pope who came up with the plan to liberate Jerusalem based on orders from Emperor Alexius I Comnenus

Alexius I Comnenus

(Byzantine) emperor who faced pressure from Turks on eastern frontier- Organized first crusade with Urban II

Kerbogha

Turkish warrior who lost to crusaders at battle of Antioch

Peter Bartholomew

poor and illiterate pilgrim who had visions that led to discovery of Holy Lance at Antioch

Holy Lance

the relic that helped the Franks capture Jerusalem under dire conditions

Godfrey of Bouillon

leader of Germanic contingent of the crusaders

Raymond of St. Gillies

first prince to meet with Urban II and agree to support crusade efforts

Bohemond of Taranto

leader with great ambitions but limited means- saw opportunities within crusades and decided to go to Jerusalem with mercenaries

Baldwin of Edessa

one of the leaders of Godfrey's contingent- Godfrey's knights wanted Baldwin to succeed to the throne of Jerusalem

The County of Edessa

first Frankish state to be established by the first crusade- important buffer against Turks and provided logistical help for main crusade armies during their Antioch campaigns

Antioch

"the cradle of Christianity" ancient Greco-Roman city that played a part in the crusades

Tancred

Bohemond's nephew who joined the crusade because he believed it would offer him salvation for his sins

Adhemar of Le Puy

the person agreed to act as the Pope's special envoy in the east

Fatimids

caliphate that drove Seljuk Turks out of Jerusalem and restored it to Egyptian control

Lay Investiture (broad)

Laymen appointed people to church office- monks would "elect" an office, but decision would actually be made by one layman

Lay Investiture (narrow)

ceremony where bishop receives spiritual symbols of his office from layman

Spiritualia

staff and ring- spiritual authority of clergymen

Temporalia

symbols of power of earthly office "key" touched by king with scepter

Henry IV (4)

excommunicated by Pope Gregory because of disagreement over the right to appoint church officials

Gregory VII (7)

Pope who excommunicated Henry IV

Gregorian Reform

broke up clerical marriages- sparked civil war in Germany and changed election process in the church and transformed papacy into a monarchy

Canossa

castle of Matilda, countess of Tuscany- Pope Gregory met Henry IV here

Cluny

monastery founded in 910 by duke and duchess of Aquitaine who endowed the monastery with property but then they gave it and its worldly possessions to Saints Peter and Paul

Concordant of Worms

ended investiture conflict- relied on conceptual distinction between two parts of investiture- the spiritual and the secular; symbols of office

1. Narrow lay investiture was eliminated

2. Free elections in Italy and Burgundy and somewhat in Germany

Cistercian

an order of monks who lived a life of simplicity and rejected the conceit of dyeing their robes- "white monks"

St. Bernard of Clairvaux

French abbott and the primary reformer of the Cistercian order; King Louis VI ordered him to go to Henry I of England to reason with him about rivalry between Pope and King. Told Henry I to go before the Pope and profess his innocence and beg for sympathy regarding his excommunication

Obit

mass prayed for after death

Peter Abelard

teacher who set up classes/lectures by renting a shop

Scholastic

using the best science available (formed by Aristotle) and philology (history of words) to understand more about the best religion; controversy- both Christians and Muslims used this to prove why their religion is the best religion

"Dwarves sitting on the shoulders of giants"

scholastic christians believed that they were not as wise as the church founders/apostles/saints so they were small in comparison to them. They relied on founders of the church to shadow, learn from, and incorporating the teachings of the founders into their daily lives. Giants are the church leaders

Lectio

looking at a reading closely to examine the meaning behind it

Scholastic Classroom

master reads the text to the class; students hear the book- master glosses the book and points out what is important

Questiones

master proposing questions relating to their disputation (argument) that is the master's own resolutions to the subject matter and the master answers questions from people listening

Responsio

when a grad student or fellow colleague listening to the master challenges the master who will respond

Determinatio

a grad student writes the whole disputation down for master to take home and reflect on

Bologna

oldest university; formed by students started by studying civil law

Notary

someone who understands Roman Law

Universitas

associations of people

Rector

chief official of university elected by students and represents them- oversees masters and students

Collegium

gild of masters that felt they were overpowered by rector. made their own association

Licentia Docenti

license to teach

Cathedral School

some of the best schools at the time located at at cathedrals - students learned liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, logic)

Ile de la Cite

medieval Paris Location

Notre Dame

cathedral located in Paris- University of Paris

Left Bank

where U of Paris is located in Latin Quarter

Latin Quarter

where U of Paris is located

Romanesque

represents the first wave of European monumental architecture. Stone, massive, heavy, dignified. Sculptures, wall paintings and patterned textures (round arches, sturdy piers, large towers)

Durham Cathedral

finest example of Romanesque style (Norman)

Chartes Cathedral

finest example of French Gothic architecture

Gothic

evolved from Romanesque architecture and succeeded by Renaissance. Pointed arches and ribbed vault and flying buttresses.

Abbot Suger

advisor to Louis VI- invented gothic style, head of monastery at Saint-Denis

Manor

people clustering together in response to threats of Northmen in hopes of protection. Living near kings, lords, and monasteries

Three field system

less plowing, 1/3 of the land will not be harvested, providing 2 harvests per year and decreased crop failure and famine

Week work

every peasant is required to work on Lord's land 3 days a week

Boon work

extra work for the lord (randomly)

Banalities

other payments to lord like bread, mill, and wine press

heriot

when a peasant dies and the lord gets his best beast

Peasant position

not an honorable position- vertical relationship between lord and peasant

merchant

business people who participated in retail and trade

tallage

tax imposed by lord of an estate on unfree tenants- practice attacked in Magna Carta

Elementary Liberties

all towns had this- freedom from labor and military because obligation was to buy and sell in the town

Advanced Liberties

self government in a town- communes

Commune

common oath to king/authority required by townspeople to maintain citizenship in that town

Burgus

fortified place around which a town develops

Burgage tenur

towns had different rules than those living in countryside- not worried about feudal world. burgage was a town and tenure was in the form of money and services

Gild

business group of people in the middle ages. Middle class worker communities that regulate hours, set prices, labor standards- merchants are most powerful in the city

Femme sole

an unmarried woman- "single woman"

Le Menagier de Paris

French medieval guidebook on a woman's proper behavior in marriage and running a household

Lincoln Rule

if a wife has a husband in a craft, she can be charged as a sole woman legally

Wife of Bath

best known of Canterbury Tales that provides insight into women in late middle ages

Christine de Pisan

Italian French late medieval author who served at court

William the Conquerer

was the first Norman King of England. Defeated and killed Harold at the Battle of Hastings

Henry II

energetic and ruthless ruler who wanted to restore the lands and privileges of his grandfather Henry I. Wanted to restore relationship with the church

Magna Carta

first document forced onto a king of England by his subjects in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their rights. required king John to proclaim certain liberties and accept that his will was not arbitrary

John Softsword

nickname given to King John for his lack of martial skills

Papal Inquisition

established by Pope Greg IX as a special court to curb heresy. Thorough and systematic with detailed records

Episcopal Inquisition

first medieval institution in response to growing Catharist movement

Stephen Langton

Archbishop of Canterbury- election was a dispute between King John and Pope Innocent III and led to the creation of Magna Carta

Scutage

wealthy elites paying taxes rather than the poor that allowed a knight to buy out of military service

"Community of the Realm"

Barons & bishops- they are the king's vassals

Castellan

a person who builds a castle with armed men guarding it

Elective Monarchy

a monarchy ruled by an elected monarch, in contrast to hereditary monarchy where the office is automatically passed down as a family inheritance

Anticipatory succession

French kings electing their successor while still living

Eleanor of Aquitaine

beautiful and brilliant wife of Louis VII- bad match. Marriage annulled after 15 years

Louis VII

Husband of Eleanor- monk-like and people trusted his judgement

Philip II

Son of Louis VII who became king at 14 and went by the title Augustus