Lesson 24: respiratory System

gas exchange occurs in our…

lungs

diffusion is passive and is driven by the difference in ____ and ____ concentrations

oxygen and carbon dioxide

Where is there lots of oxygen found?

lungs (inhaled —> lungs —> blood —> tissues)

Where is there lots of carbon dioxide found?

blood (tissues —> blood —> lungs —→ exhaled)

In the tissues what goes out and what comes in?

out goes oxygen, in: carbon dioxide

In the lungs what goes out and what comes in?

out goes carbon dioxide, in: oxygen

What does Fick’s law of F=Diffusion show

the rate of diffusion between two regions

You can optimize the rate of diffusion by:

increasing surface area, increasing concentration difference, decreasing distance

Insects have direct diffusion into the ….

tracheal system (network of tubes running throughout them)

Gills increase ___ for diffusion

surface area

Gills are highly _____

vascularized

Lung minimize evaporation by moving air through a _____

branched tubular passage covered in mucus

What is cilia in the lungs?

a protective mechanism

Lungs of birds have a ___ air flow (undirectional)

one-way

4 steps of birds breathing

1. air flows through trachea to the back air sacs (first inhale)

2. air moves from the rear air sacs into the lungs (first inhale)

3. air moves from lungs into the front air sacs (second inhale)

4. air moves from front air sacs out the trachea (second inhale)

Lungs of mammals are packed with millions of ____ (sites of gas exchange)

alveoli

Inhalation in mammals starts at the ___

nasal cavity

Inhaled air passed through the ___ and into the ___

larynx; trachea

Trachea branches into the left and right ____; which subdivides into ____

bronchi;bronchioles

Bronchioles end in ____ which are surrounded by a ____

alveoli;extensive capillary network

During inhalation, thoracic ____ increases through contraction of two muscle sets :

volume; contraction of the external intercoastal mucles and contraction of the diaphragm

Contraction of the external intercostal muscles does what?

expands the rib cage

Contraction of the diaphragm does what…

expands the volume of thorax (chest) and lungs

Contraction of the external intercostal muscles produces….. which draws air into the lungs

negative pressure

Boyle’s Law

gas law that states that in a closed space, pressure and colume are inversly related

Tidal volume

volume of air moving in and out of lungs in a person at rest

Vital Capacity

maximum amount of air that can be expired after a forceful inspiration

4 Lung volume measurements

1. tidal volume

2. inspiratory reserve volume

3. expiratory reserve volume

4. residual volume

The sum of the lung volume measurements is equal to the ….

total lung capacity

Oxygen is carried in the blood bound to ….

hemoglobin in red blood cells

hemoglobin has 4 olypeptide chains two ___ and two ___. Each chain is associated with a ___ group

alpha, beta; heme

Each heme group has a ____ that can bind to a molecule of oxygen

central iron atom

Hemoglobin loads up with oxygen forming ….

oxyhemoglobin `

Hemoglobins possibility for oxygen is affected by …

pH and temperature

pH effect is known as the …

Bohr shift

What percent of the carbon dioxide in blood is dissolved in plasma

8%

what percentage of carbon dioxide in blood is bound to hemoglobin

20%

what percent diffuses into red blood cells and becomes bicarbonate?

72%

Restrictive Lung Disease

airways are not obstructed

Obstructive lung disease

results in slow exhalation and reduced FVC

3 Obstructive Lung Diseases

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), Asthma, Emphysema

What cancer causes the mosts deaths?

lung cancer