exam 5

blood travels through the body using two circuits

pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit

pulmonary circuit consists of

blood vessels traveling between the heart and lungs

systemic circuit consists of

blood vessels traveling to other organs and tissue (not lungs) and back to

heart.

is used to pick up oxygen and to drop off carbon dioxide

pulmonary circuit

is used to deliver oxygen to the cells and tissues and pick up carbon dioxide

systemic circuit

systemic circulation

systemic circulation, systemic arteries, systemic veins

systemic circulation

blood vessels that carry blood from left side of the heart to entire body and back of the heart

systemic arteries

Deliver O2 rich blood to organs and other tissues

systemic veins

Deliver O2 poor blood (with CO2) back to heart

arteries carry blood

away from the heart

which three arteries branch from the celiac trunk

gastric, hepatic, and splenic

what are the three hepatic blood vessels

hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein

blood vessels get

smaller with distance from the heart

arteries have

thick and elastic walls

capillaries have

very thin walls to allow diffusion

veins have

thinner and less elastic walls than arteries

function of capillaries

site of exchange between blood and tissue fluids

veins carry

blood back towards the heart

deep veins

follow the paths of companion arteries and have the same names

superficial veins

only visible beneath the skin:

cephalic vein

basilic vein

median cubital vein

median vein of the forearm

foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus

close shortly after birth, when the newborn begins to breathe

the foramen ovale

is an opening in the interatrial septum: becomes fossa ovalis

ductus arteriosus

is a short blood vessel that connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta: becomes ligamentum arteriosum

respiratory system functions

inhalation and exhalation, ventilation, move respiratory gases, gas conditioning, sound production, olfaction, defence and protection

three types of the tonsils

pharyngeal tonsil, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils

a bacterial or viral infection can cause

tonsilitis (strep throat)

the wall of the larynx is

supported by a framework of nine cartilages held in place by ligaments and muscles

vocal folds are also called

true vocal cords

vestibular folds are also called

false vocal cords

vocal folds (true vocal cords) produce

sounds

vestibular folds (false vocal cords) prevent

food and drink from entering the airway during swallowing

the trachea is lined with

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

the lungs are surrounded by

pleural membranes

what are the three membranes that surround the lungs

parietal pleura, visceral pleura, pleural cavity

the right lung has

3 lobes

the left lung has

2 lobes

what are the three lobes of the right lung

right superior lobe, right middle lobe, right inferior lobe

what are the two lobes of the left lung

left superior lobe, left inferior lobe

the conducting zone

forms a path for air to reach the sites of gas exchange (no gas exchange occurs in these structures)

the respiratory zone

is a site of gas exchange

each hemoglobin molecule has

4 globin proteins

4 heme groups

4 ferrous ions

each hemoglobin can carry up to

4 O2 molecules

oxygen is transported in blood in two ways

bound to ferrous ion in the heme of hemoglobin (98%)

dissolves in plasma (2%)

carbon dioxide is transported in blood in three ways

as bicarbonate ions (70%)

bound to globin portion of the hemoglobin (23%)

dissolved in plasma (7%)

to begin the process of inspiration

the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles must contract first

to begin the process of exhalation

the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles must relax first

systemic circulation

blood vessels traveling to other organs

pulmonary circuit

blood vessels traveling between heart and lungs