Human Geography (unit 2)

Overpopulation

The number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Arithmetic Density

Number of people per land area

Physiological Density

Number of people per arable (farmable) land area

Agricultural Density

Number of farmers per arable land area

Natural Increase Rate

(NIR)

Percentage by which population grows in a year

Life Expectancy

Average number (#) of years a person is expected to live

Crude Birth Rate

(CBR)

Total number of lives births per 1000 people in a country

Crude Death Rate

(CDR)

Total number of deaths per 1000 people in a country

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics

Total Fertility Rate

(TFR)

Average number of births per women in a country

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of people that an area’s resources can sustain indefinitely without significantly depletion or degrading those resources

Population-Doubling Time

The amount of time it will take a population to double

Demographic Transition

A process of change in society’s population from high crude birth and death rates

higher crude BIRTH rates = INCREASE in population

higher crude DEATH rates = DECREASE in population

Industrial Revolution

Involved major improvements in MANUFACTURING good and delivering than to Market

(More factory-made goods, than hand-made goods)

Medical Revolution

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America (Developed continents) has diffused to developing countries

Zero Population Growth

(ZPG)

A term often applied to stage 4 countries

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population

Maternal Mortality Rate

Annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management

(deaths during pregnancy or childbirth)

Population Pyramid

A bar graph that displays the percentage of a places’ population for each age and gender

Dependency Ratio

Number of people who are too young or too old to work COMPARED to the number of people in their productive years

Infant Mortality Rate

(IMR)

Annual number of deaths among infants per 1000 births rather than as a percentage

Pronatalist Policies

Policies which are designed with the purpose of INCREASING the birth rate of an area

Antinatalist policies

The opposite of pronatalist policies that people should plan to make smaller families

Epidemiology

The incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a particular time and are produced by some special cause not generally present in the affected place

(the scientific study of how diseases, health-related states, and events are distributed within populations and the factors (determinants) that influence them)

Pandemic

Diseases that occur over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

Migration

Permanent move to a new location

Mobility

General term covering all types of movements from one place to another

Emigration

To leave a country

Immigration

To arrive at a new country

(moving to live permanently)

Net Migration

Number of people arriving in a country minus the number of people leaving the country

(the difference between immigrates and emigrates)

Migrants - Emigrants = Net migration

International Migration

A permanent move from one country to another

Voluntary Migration

Chooses to leave, usually for economic reasons

(ex. More job opportunities or better education opportunities)

Forced Migration

Forced to leave due to live-threatening environmental or cultural reasons

(such as natural disasters or war)

Internal Migration

A permanent move WITHIN the same country

Push Factor

Urges people to move out of their current location (pushes them out)

Pull Factor

Urges people to move to a new location (pulls them in)

Refugee

Forced to migrate to another country due to war, religious persecution, or other life-threatening reasons

(a person that experienced a forced migration)

Internally Displaced Person

(IDP)

Force to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee, but has not migrated across an international boarder

Asylum Seeker

Legal protection for a refugee in the country they've moved to 

(a person that has migrated to another country, in hopes of being recognized as a refugee)

Trail of Tears

The routes tribes Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole took when they were forced to migrate westward in the early nineteenth century

Intervening Obstacle

An environmental or political feature that hinders migration

(prevents migration)

Unauthorized Immigrants

Immigrants who enter without proper documents

(ex.: people who arrive in a new country without a passport)

Quotas

Maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate in the United States during one-year period

Brain Drain

A large scale emigration by talented people

Chain Migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationally previously migrated there

Sanctuary City

A movement where unauthorized immigrants are given or able to go to public schools or college, no matter their immigration status

(Alabama enacted the sanctuary city)

Guest Worker

Immigrants from poorer countries were allowed to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs

(temporary employment in another country)

Transnational Migration

Moving to one country temporarily mainly because of work, while still identifying with their home country with the possibility of going back someday

(often acting as a bridge between two cultures, in businesses)

Transhumance

Practiced in those parts of the world where there are mountains, highlands, or other areas that are too cold to be inhabited and utilized for grazing except in summer

(seasonal movement that allows livestock or herds to fresh grazing)

Step Migration

Human migration where individuals move from place to place, often choosing temporary destinations before reaching their final intended location