Microbial diversity-Prokaryote diversity.docx

Spirochaete

________- theyre helical in shape and move like corkscrews, they can be aerobic or anaerobic, and live in water, soil, and the guts of some animals.

Cyanobacteria

________ (blue- green algae)- they carry out oxygenic photosynthesis (like plants /algae) instead of chloroplasts they have thylakoids (membranes) which are the location of light- gathering and electron transfer, and many of these bacteria reduce nitrogen to ammonium ions.

Lactobacillus genus

The ________ is used to produce fermented foods (yogurt, cheese, pickled vegetables)

Archaeans

________ have a variety of shapes and do not show noticeable morphological differences compared to bacteria.

Prokaryotic life forms

________ are divided into the domains of archaea and bacteria.

genera Methanococcus

The ________ and Methanobacterium inhabit hot springs, marshes, and the guts of some grazing mammals, and generate methane from carbon compounds.

Protista kingdom

The ________ broadly fits with the Eukarya domain and includes protozoans, algae, water moulds, and slime moulds.

organisms DNA

A(n) ________ can be expressed as a percentage of cytosine and guanine residue, written as % GC content.

Mycobacteria

________ are a type of rod- shaped bacteria.

Taxonomy

________: the science of classifying life forms, complex approaches focused on an organisms genetics.

eukaryotic organisms

All ________ are classified in the Eukarya domain.

Ernst Haeckel

In 19th century, the scientist ________ categorised bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and algae as a third kingdom, the Protista.

aerobic chemolithoautotrophs

Nitrifying proteobacteria- theyre ________ that oxidise inorganic nitrogen compounds (ammonia or nitrite) to gain energy, they also gain carbon from CO2, and they live on land, or in fresh /saltwater.

1969

In ________, Robert Whittaker proposed the five- kingdom system, based on an improved understanding of cells and molecules, in which bacteria were placed in the Monera kingdom (were considered prokaryotes)

aerobic species

Many Actinobacteria are ________ that grow in soil and resemble fungi.

Aquificae

________ and Thermotogae- the worlds oldest bacteria.

heterotrophic nutrition

They can be aerobic or anaerobic and can gain autotrophic or ________.

Photosynthetic Proteobacteria

________- purple sulphur /non- sulphur bacteria can photosynthesise without producing oxygen (theyre facultatively anaerobic), living in stagnant ponds they photosynthesise using light that reaches below the surface.

1970s

In the ________, the scientist Carl Woese and his colleagues studied on 16S ribosomal RNA sequences in archaea and bacteria concluding that archaea were different from bacteria, one difference is in the composition of their plasma membranes and cell walls.

Gram positive bacteria

________ are divided into groups with a GC content of over or under 50 %.

different cell walls

They have ________ to bacteria; their cell walls are made of proteinaceous subunits called an S- layer, and do not contain peptidoglycan, which protects them from some antibacterial agents like penicillin (which targets peptidoglycan)

Euryarchaeota

The ________ is the largest, most diverse group.

Bergeys

Bacteria, based on their phenotypic characteristics, are classified in the ________ manual of systematic Bacteriology.

Clostridium species

________ are aerobic bacteria, live in soil, get ATP substrate- level phosphorylation, and include the pathogens botulism, tetanus, and gastroenteritis.

Coryneform bacteria

________ are rod- shaped bacteria that resemble the letter "V "or "Y, "many of them live in soil, or animals mouths, such as, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria.

Archaeans

________ are widespread on land an in the sea and can survive in extreme environments, including thermal vents and salt ponds.

Microbial diversity

Prokaryote diversity

Taxonomy

the science of classifying life forms, complex approaches focused on an organisms genetics

Genus

ex

Homo; Species

ex

Domain

Archaea

Domain

Bacteria

Phylum

Proteobacteria

Photosynthetic Proteobacteria

purple sulphur/non-sulphur bacteria can photosynthesise without producing oxygen (theyre facultatively anaerobic), living in stagnant ponds they photosynthesise using light that reaches below the surface

Nitrifying proteobacteria

theyre aerobic chemolithoautotrophs that oxidise inorganic nitrogen compounds (ammonia or nitrite) to gain energy, they also gain carbon from CO2, and they live on land, or in fresh/saltwater

More examples of proteobacteria

Iron and sulphur-oxidising, Hydrogen-oxidising, Nitrogen-fixing, Methanotrophic, Enteric, the Pseudomonads, Acetic acid bacteria, Stalked proteobacteria, and Predatory proteobacteria

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

they carry out oxygenic photosynthesis (like plants/algae) instead of chloroplasts they have thylakoids (membranes) which are the location of light-gathering and electron transfer, and many of these bacteria reduce nitrogen to ammonium ions

Aquificae and Thermotogae

the worlds oldest bacteria

Chlamydiae

they parasitise birds and mammals using the host cells to generate energies

Spirochaete

theyre helical in shape and move like corkscrews, they can be aerobic or anaerobic, and live in water, soil, and the guts of some animals

The Gram-Positive Bacteria

phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes

High GC Gram-Positive Bacteria

phylum Actinobacteria

Low GC Gram-Positive Bacteria

phylum Firmicutes

Low GC Gram-Positive Bacteria

phylum Firmicutes-Lactic acid bacteria