Review on the Renaissance

Know the Artist, Title, and Why it symbolizes Renaissance art

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Know the Artist, Title, and Why it symbolizes Renaissance art

Artist: Raphael

Title: The School of Athens

Why it symbolizes Renaissance art: This painting represents the Renaissance Humanist idea of Classicism, or the return to the art and literature of the Romans and Greeks. (Finger pointing up is Plato, and down is Aristotle, showing the differences in the subjects of their philosophies.)

Know the Artist, Title, and Why it symbolizes Renaissance art

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Know the Artist, Title, and Why it symbolizes Renaissance art

Artist: Raphael

Title: The Marriage of the Virgin

Why the painting symbolizes Renaissance art: This painting uses perspective, which is a major landmark of Renaissance painting. It is a technique in which you create a sense of 3D depth on a 2D piece of artwork.

Know the Artist, Title, and Why it symbolizes Renaissance art

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Know the Artist, Title, and Why it symbolizes Renaissance art

Artist: Michelangelo

Title: David

Why this piece symbolizes Renaissance art: Michelangelo's David shows how artists in the Renaissance often portrayed humans not realistically, but idealistically. David is meant to symbolize humanity's (and especially Florence's) almost unlimited potential by our own power instead of God's power. (This is a way in which the renaissance departs from Christianity)

Know the Artist, Title, and Why it symbolizes Renaissance art

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Know the Artist, Title, and Why it symbolizes Renaissance art

Artist: Leonardo da Vinci

Title: Mona Lisa

Why this painting symbolizes renaissance art: The Mona Lisa is an example of a painting which is non-religious, and paintings with non-religious subjects started in the Renaissance.

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Know the Artist, Title, and Why it symbolizes Renaissance art

Artist: Leonardo da Vinci

Title: Sketches of the Arm

Why these sketches represent renaissance artwork: These sketches show how artists were increasingly attempting to accurately depict details in their paintings and drawings and sculpture.

(Sorry that it is not the exact sketch as Mr. Farish originally provided us, but it is so different from the others, and should be pretty immediately clear

Know the Artist, Title, and Why it symbolizes Renaissance art

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Know the Artist, Title, and Why it symbolizes Renaissance art

Artist: Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Title: Peasant Wedding

Why this painting symbolizes renaissance art: This work symbolizes to Northern renaissance tendency to focus on the lives of Peasants, in stark contrast to the Northern Italian renaissance where only wealthy people were depicted.

Know the Artist, Title, and Why it symbolizes Renaissance art

(Bottom middle is what was on the study guide)

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Know the Artist, Title, and Why it symbolizes Renaissance art

Artist: Jan Van Eyck

Title: The altarpiece at Ghent

Why this painting symbolizes renaissance art: This piece symbolizes Northern European Renaissance art in that Northern European Renaissance artists focused on detail to an even greater extent than those of the Northern Italian Renaissance

Why Should we study European History? (3 main reasons)

-So much of the culture and history of the United States is rooted in European History.

-Because so much of European history is church history.

-Because we can learn from both the good and bad examples of leadership in European History.

Renaissance is a French term, and it means _____

Rebirth

The four other periods of EU history which the Renaissance overlapped with are _______, ________, ________, and ________. (4 time periods)

The Late Middle Ages, The Protestant Reformation, The Age of Exploration, and The Scientific Revolution.

There are four main reasons why the Renaissance started in Northern Italy, What are they?

-Increasing international trade, and the banks which supported the international trade made Northern Italian cities wealthy. (money)

-The influx of money gave wealthy Northern Italians the Leisure time and money necessary to patronize the arts

-For the Northern Italian cities, the Ruins of the Romans were all around, so the return to Classical sources for art and literature was doable.

-The Northern Italians wanted to regain the glory of the Roman Empire, and the Renaissance appeared to be a way in which they could gain that glory.

Increasing international _______ and the ______ that supported it made the cities of northern Italy wealthy by the end of the 1300's

Trade, Banks

Increasing international trade and the banks that supported it made the cities of northern Italy wealthy by the end of the 1300's

The main four northern Italian cities involved in the growing international trade and banking were ________, ________, _________, and _________

Genoa, Venice, Milan, Florence

The main four northern Italian cities involved in the growing international trade and banking were Genoa, Venice, Milan, and Florence

The name of the most influential family involved in banking in Florence was the ______________

Medici family

The name of the most influential family involved in banking in Florence was the Medici family

AP ONLY Who was the most significant member of the aforementioned family in Florence, and why?

Lorenzo Medici. He helped both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo start their careers in the arts.

The influx of new money gave wealthy northern Italians the __________ time and _________ necessary to patronize art, architecture, and literature.

Leisure, Money

The influx of new money gave wealthy northern Italians the leisure time and money necessary to patronize art, architecture, and literature.

For northern Italians the ruins of the Roman world were literally all around them, so the call to return to the _______ and Greek sources for art and literature were accessible to them.

Roman

For northern Italians the ruins of the Roman world were literally all around them, so the call to return to the Roman and Greek sources for art and literature were accessible to them.

A closely-related reality is that the northern Italians wanted to recapture the glory of the _______ Empire, and the Renaissance appeared to be a means by which they might accomplish that goal.

Roman

A closely-related reality is that the northern Italians wanted to recapture the glory of the Roman Empire, and the Renaissance appeared to be a means by which they might accomplish that goal.

Who were the three major trading partners of Europe prior to the late 1400's? (3 main ones)

The rest of Europe, The Middle East, and The Ottoman Empire

With the coming of the Age of discovery around 1480, what two other regions of the world were opened up to trading by sea? (You should also know the name of the land route used prior to this.)

India and China, the land route was called The Silk Road

Describe a Renaissance "Patron": a __________ individual, a _________ of workers, or a town or city that financially sponsored works of art, architecture, or literature.

Wealthy, Guild

Describe a Renaissance "Patron": a wealthy individual, a guild of workers, or a town or city that financially sponsored works of art, architecture, or literature.

Describe the two types of government of the northern Italian cities during the Renaissance

-Oligarchies:

-SIgnori:

Oligarchy: An Oligarchy is a system of government in which a small council of rich people rules the country.

Signori: A Signori is a system of government in which 1 Rich person rules the entire government (Similar to a Dictatorship)

Five main Characteristics of Renaissance Humanism:

Classicism: return to Greek and Roman thinking

Realism: Realism in art

Focus on Detail

Emphasis on Dignity and Potential of Humanity

Emphasis of active and Public Virtue

___________: the belief that the classical Romans and Greeks had insight into reality and truth, especially as it concerned virtuous living, that had been lost and which European society now desperately needed to recover.

Classicism

__________: a preference in art and literature for direct analysis and true and precise depictions of the human form.

Realism

One important facet of Realism was the more widespread use of the artistic technique called ______, which enable painters to render their works in three dimensions.

Perspective

One important facet of Realism was the more widespread use of the artistic technique called Perspective, which enables painters to render their works in three dimensions.

Focus on _______

This focus on ______ would give rise to the _______ Revolution that would in part grow out of the Renaissance.

Detail, Detail, Scientific

Focus on Detail

This focus on Detail would give rise to the Scientific Revolution that would in part grow out of the Renaissance.

Emphasis on the ______ and _______ of humanity

Dignity, Potential

Emphasis on the dignity and potential of humanity

Some artists emphasized not just the dignity of humanity but depicted humanity ________.

Some artists and writers thought of man having almost unlimited potential, even apart from _______.

Idealistically, God

Some artists emphasized not just the dignity of humanity but depicted humanity Idealistically.

Some artists and writers thought of man having almost unlimited potential, even apart from God.

Emphasis on active and public __________

Virtue

Emphasis on active and public Virtue

Short response for both AP and Regular

How did Johann Gutenberg's invention of the movable-type printing press in the 1440's aid the spread of the Renaissance?

It made the printing of books and other literature much cheaper and quicker, which enabled the faster and broader spread of Renaissance ideas.

What was a studio?

It was a "school" set up by a Renaissance artist at which he would train up young artists to use his same techniques.

Three important things about Francesco Petrarch

-Historians consider him to be the _____ of the Renaissance

-Historians give Petrarch this name because he was the first great writer to call for the study of Classical _____ and ______ literature and art.

-Historians also consider Petrarch to be the father of Renaissance Humanism.

Father, Roman, Greek

-Historians consider him to be the father of the Renaissance

-Historians give Petrarch this name because he was the first great writer to call for the study of Classical roman and Greek literature and art.

-Historians also consider Petrarch to be the father of Renaissance Humanism.

Giovanni Boccaccio

-What renaissance figure befriended him later in life? _______.

-The significance of his writing The Decameron in Italian and not Latin is that it signaled the intent of Renaissance writers to make their works more widely accessible.

-Writing in the common language rather than in Latin is called writing in the __________

Petrarch, Vernacular

-What renaissance figure befriended him later in life? Petrarch.

-The significance of his writing The Decameron in Italian and not Latin is that it signaled the intent of Renaissance writers to make their works more widely accessible.

-Writing in the common language rather than in Latin is called writing in the vernacular.

Michelangelo

His statue David and his painting The Creation of man on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel indicated Michelangelo's desire to depict humanity not just realistically but in fact idealistically.

Mr. Farish didn't put any blanks or ask any questions about him, but I think it is good knowledge to have.

Leonardo da Vinci

He became known as "The ________ man" because of his interests in so many different subjects.

Renaissance

He became known as "The Renaissance man" because of his interests in so many different subjects.

Filippo Brunelleschi

His most famous project is the dome on the Cathedral on Florence, he went to Rome to study how the Romans made domes in their time and rediscovered the technique.

Mr. Farish once again didn't put any blanks or ask any questions about him, but I think it is good knowledge to have.

How was Constantinople two kinds of capital

Of the religious denomination of the churches collectively known as the Eastern ________ Church

Of the _____________ Empire

Orthodox, Byzantine

Of the religious denomination of the churches collectively known as the Eastern Orthodox Church

Of the Byzantine Empire

How did the Turks break down the wall of Constantinople

With a very big cannon

Three reasons why Mehmed II wanted to conquer Constantinople

The ___________ reason: the conquest would show in Mehmed's mind that Allah was greater than the God of the Christians

The ___________ reason: Constantinople was full of gold and silver and jewels and art treasures

The ___________ reason: the city lay on both sides of a land bridge joining the continents of Asia and Europe

Religious, Economic, Strategic

The religious reason: the conquest would show in Mehmed's mind that Allah was greater than the God of the Christians

The economic reason: Constantinople was full of gold and silver and jewels and art treasures

The strategic reason: the city lay on both sides of a land bridge joining the continents of Asia and Europe

The first of John Wycliffe's critiques of the RCC

He challenged the __________ often evidenced by the upper levels of church leadership in his day.

Corruption

He challenged the corruption often evidenced by the upper levels of church leadership in his day.

The second of John Wycliffe's critiques of the RCC

He contended that the Bible should be translated into the _______, that is, from Latin to the languages of the common people.

Vernacular

He contended that the Bible should be translated into the vernacular, that is, from Latin to the languages of the common people.

The third of John Wycliffe's critiques of the RCC

He denied the Roman Catholic doctrine of __________, the teaching that the bread and wine in Communion turn into the actual body and blood of Jesus.

Transubstantiation

He denied the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, the teaching that the bread and wine in Communion turn into the actual body and blood of Jesus.

John Wycliffe's followers were called what?

The Lollards

Jan Hus' first critique of the RCC

He challenged the __________ often evidenced by the upper levels of church leadership in his day.

Corruption

He challenged the corruption often evidenced by the upper levels of church leadership in his day.

Jan Hus' second critique of the RCC

He objected to the sale of __________, which were documents that would remit years in Purgatory.

Indulgences

He objected to the sale of indulgences, which were documents that would remit years in Purgatory.

Jan Hus' third critique of the RCC

He argued that the ______ alone, and not the traditions of the Church hierarchy, are the supreme authority for what Christians should believe and how they should live.

Bible

He argued that the Bible alone, and not the traditions of the Church hierarchy, are the supreme authority for what Christians should believe and how they should live.

Jan Hus' fourth critique of the RCC

He contended that the Bible should be translated into the _______, that is, from Latin to the languages of the common people.

Vernacular

He contended that the Bible should be translated into the vernacular, that is, from Latin to the languages of the common people.

The European slave trade was started by which country?

It was started by the Portuguese in the 1400's

Some early African slaves became __________ in the royal court of Spain

Musicians

Some early African slaves became musicians in the royal court of Spain

AP ONLY Why did the slave trade take off

The slave trade took off with the discovery of the new world, as the massive plantations needed an enormous work force, which was a task given to African slaves.

Three ways to tell the Poor from the rich

____________, __________, __________. (Three things)

Speech, Dress, and Manners

The ideal woman was the "_________ woman": full of integrity and sexually pure

Virtuous

The ideal woman was the "virtuous woman": full of integrity and sexually pure

How a member of the business class might marry his daughter into the nobility -- who had become "land rich but cash poor'

By payment of a ________, the rich business person could marry his daughter to the son of a noble, so that the daughter and the man's grandchildren through that daughter would become members of the nobility.

Dowry

How a member of the business class might marry his daughter into the nobility -- who had become "land rich but cash poor'

By payment of a dowry, the rich business person could marry his daughter to the son of a noble, so that the daughter and the man's grandchildren through that daughter would become members of the nobility.

Who were the two female monarchs during the Renaissance?

Elizabeth the I of England, and Isabella of Spain

-Money from trade and the Ideas that went with it also spread to Northern Europe about 150 years after their spread to northern Italy.

-This spread gave the merchants and bankers of Northern Europe the monet and leisure time they needed to patronize art.

-The movable-type printing press helped spread Renaissance ideas from northern Italy to Northern Europe.

-Most of Northern Europe was at peace during the period of 1450-1600, enabling the spread of Renaissance ideas.

-The French were at war in northern Italy during this period, which meant two things:

-The northerners were exposed to Renaissance Ideas; and

-Some artists fled from northern Italy to Northern Europe, taking their Renaissance ideas with them.

_____________________ trade and the ________ that went with it also spread to Northern Europe about 150 years after their spread to northern Italy.

Money From, Ideas

Money from trade and the ideas that went with it also spread to Northern Europe about 150 years after their spread to northern Italy.

This spread gave the merchants and bankers of Northern Europe the money and leisure time they needed to patronize art.

No question or fill in the blank on the original study guide.

The movable-type _________ helped spread Renaissance ideas from northern Italy to Northern Europe.

Printing Press

The movable-type Printing Press helped spread Renaissance ideas from northern Italy to Northern Europe.

Most of Northern Europe was at _______ during the period of 1450-1600, enabling the spread of Renaissance ideas.

Peace

Most of Northern Europe was at peaceduring the period of 1450-1600, enabling the spread of Renaissance ideas.

The French were at war in northern Italy during this period, which meant two things:

The __________ were exposed to Renaissance Ideas; and

Some artists fled from northern Italy to Northern Europe, taking their Renaissance ideas with them.

Northerners

The French were at war in northern Italy during this period, which meant two things:

The northerners were exposed to Renaissance Ideas; and

Some artists fled from northern Italy to Northern Europe, taking their Renaissance ideas with them.

List the five main countries of the Northern Renaissance, ___________, ____________, _____________, ____________, _____________.

Belgium (Flanders), France, England, The Holy Roman Empire, and the Netherlands.

One difference in patronage in the Northern Renaissance:________ also sponsored art, architecture, and literature

Monarchs

One difference in patronage in the Northern Renaissance: monarchsalso sponsored art, architecture, and literature

King Francis I of France

Significance of his painting collection to French art history: his collection became the basis for the collection of the great French art museum in Paris called the _________

Relationship to da Vinci: Francis brought da Vinci to France for the last two years of the great artist's life, and da Vinci supposedly died in Francis' arms on May 2, 1519.

A set of dukes in France who also became patrons of the arts: the dukes of __________.

Louvre Gran Paris, Burgundy

King Francis I of France

Significance of his painting collection to French art history: his collection became the basis for the collection of the great French art museum in Paris called the Louvre Gran Paris.

Relationship to da Vinci: Francis brought da Vinci to France for the last two years of the great artist's life, and da Vinci supposedly died in Francis' arms on May 2, 1519.

A set of dukes in France who also became patrons of the arts: the dukes of Burgundy.

What are five ways the art and literature of the Northern Renaissance differed from that of northern Italy.

-Religious difference regarding Humanism: Northern European artists and writers embraced Renaissance Humanism to a lesser degree than the northern Italians, particularly the idea of the almost unlimited potential of Humanity (AP should know the two main religious reasons for this)

-The artists of the Northern renaissance if anything embraced realism to an even greater degree than the artists of northern Italy

-There were three other artistic creations in Northern Europe -- in addition to painting and sculpture -- which were furniture, tapestry, and illuminated manuscripts.

-Whereas northern Italian architects developed styles based on Classical Greek and Roman models, the architects of the Norther European Renaissance continued to perfected the Gothic style

-The style developed during the Northern European Renaissance transitioned from just Gothic to "Gothic Flamboyance," a highly ornate and detailed form of architecture.

-Northern Renaissance artists were not least of all more "realistic" than their northern Italian counterparts because they depicted the everyday lives of the peasant class.

-About 90 percent of of the population during the Renaissance consisted of peasant agricultural workers, while another 5 percent consisted of urban peasant workers.

-Religious difference regarding Humanism: Northern European artists and writers embraced Renaissance Humanism to a lesser degree than the northern Italians, particularly the idea of the almost unlimited ________ of Humanity (AP should know the two main religious reasons for this)

Potential

-Religious difference regarding Humanism: Northern European artists and writers embraced Renaissance Humanism to a lesser degree than the northern Italians, particularly the idea of the almost unlimited potential of Humanity

(AP ONLY) Two main religious reasons:

-The countries in the Northern European Renaissance tended to follow more closely to RCC doctrine

-The protestant reformation was kicking off in these countries with people like Jan Hus and John Wycliffe, and eventually, Martin Luther.

The artists of the Northern renaissance if anything embraced ____________ to an even greater degree than the artists of northern Italy

Realism

The artists of the Northern renaissance if anything embraced realism to an even greater degree than the artists of northern Italy

Three other artistic creations in Northern Europe--in addition to painting and sculpture, were _________, ___________, and ___________.

Furniture, Tapestry, and Illuminated Manuscripts

Three other artistic creations in Northern Europe--in addition to painting and sculpture, were Furniture, Tapestry, and Illuminated Manuscripts.

Whereas northern Italian architects developed styles based on Classical Greek and Roman models, the architects of the Northern European Renaissance continued to perfect the ________ style.

This style developed during the Northern European Renaissance into "Gothic _____________," A highly ornate and detailed form of architecture.

Gothic, Flamboyance

Whereas northern Italian architects developed styles based on Classical Greek and Roman models, the architects of the Norther European Renaissance continued to perfected the Gothic style

This style developed during the Northern European Renaissance into "Gothic Flamboyance," A highly ornate and detailed form of architecture.

Northern Renaissance artists were not least of all more "realistic" than their northern Italian counterparts because they depicted the everyday lives of the _________ class.

About ___ percent of of the population during the Renaissance consisted of peasant ____________ workers, while another __ percent consisted of urban peasant workers.

Peasant, 90, Agricultural, 5

Northern Renaissance artists were not least of all more "realistic" than their northern Italian counterparts because they depicted the everyday lives of the peasant class.

About 90 percent of of the population during the Renaissance consisted of peasant agricultural workers, while another 5 percent consisted of urban peasant workers.

Albrecht Dürer

Why is he important to the Northern Renaissance?

Because he, more than anyone else, went to study in northern Italy, and brought back to Northern Europe the Artistic techniques of the Renaissance.

Why is Jan van Eyck Important?

Jan van Eyck developed new techniques for the use of oils in his painting.

AP ONLY What are two critiques of Renaissance Humanism from a Christian Perspective.

The idea of classicism--That the Greeks and Romans possessed insight into the world that had been lost.

The idea of limitless potential of Humanity apart from God.

AP ONLY What was one area of partial agreement between Christianity and the renaissance?

The shared belief in the value of Human beings, but we disagree that we have limitless potential apart from God, we believe that we have value because we are created by God, but the belief in the Value of Human beings is shared.

AP ONLY How did bankers manage to bypass the RCC's prohibition on charging interest on loans (The way for banks to make money)

They used a system of bills of exchange which technically were permitted by the RCC.

AP ONLY What are the four cautions Mr. Farish gave about the study of the Renaissance?

-The middle ages weren't all that bad compared to the renaissance, and there is not a stark contrast between them, but an early renaissance writer coined the phrase "Dark Ages" and now that is the public perception of the Middle ages.

-The Renaissance consisted of primarily upper class men, if you were a peasant or a woman you would not be a part of it in all likelihood.

-The renaissance had many things which are not Christlike such as classicism, and the potential of humanity apart from God.

-some historians believe that the renaissance is not a real period in history, but rather a thing historians made up after the fact, their evidence is that the word renaissance hadn't been used before the 19th century, hundreds of years after. This is faulty evidence however, as this is true of most time periods, and there are writings indicating that the people of the time had a notion that something new was happening.